Nitrogen Family and Allotropes

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which allotrope of phosphorus is a semiconductor?

  • White phosphorus
  • Red phosphorus
  • Black phosphorus (correct)
  • None of the above

Which of the following statements is true about red phosphorus?

  • It is a good conductor of electricity.
  • It glows in the dark.
  • It is more reactive than white phosphorus.
  • It is soluble in carbon disulfide. (correct)

What is the order of decreasing reactivity of the phosphorus allotropes?

  • White phosphorus > Red phosphorus > Black phosphorus (correct)
  • White phosphorus > Black phosphorus > Red phosphorus
  • Black phosphorus > Red phosphorus > White phosphorus
  • Red phosphorus > White phosphorus > Black phosphorus

Which allotrope of phosphorus is most likely to be used in the production of fertilizers?

<p>Red phosphorus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula of the compound formed when white phosphorus reacts with oxygen?

<p>P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct order of boiling points for the nitrogen family elements?

<p>N &lt; P &lt; As &lt; Sb &lt; Bi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which allotrope of phosphorus is thermodynamically the most stable?

<p>Black phosphorus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the small increase in covalent radius from arsenic (As) to bismuth (Bi) in the nitrogen family?

<p>The presence of completely filled <em>d</em> and/or <em>f</em> orbitals in heavier members (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the physical states of the nitrogen family elements?

<p>Nitrogen is a gas, while the rest are solids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does phosphorus satisfy its trivalency in white phosphorus?

<p>Forming a single bond with four other phosphorus atoms in a tetrahedral structure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for the phosphorus compound used in the match industry?

<p>P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>3</sub> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of white phosphorus?

<p>Thermodynamically most stable allotrope of phosphorus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for chlorapatite?

<p>3 Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>.CaCl<sub>2</sub> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the stability of the +5 oxidation state change for elements in group 15, going down the group?

<p>Increases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following oxides exhibits the strongest oxidizing properties?

<p>Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general trend in acidity for the oxides of group 15 elements, specifically those in the +5 oxidation state?

<p>Acidity decreases down the group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the tendency to form π bonds increase down the group for group 15 elements in their +5 oxidation state?

<p>None of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general trend in the poisonous nature of hydrides of group 15 elements, going down the group?

<p>Increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hydride has the highest basicity among the following options?

<p>NH<sub>3</sub> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the hydride with the lowest boiling point from the following options.

<p>PH<sub>3</sub> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hydrides is the most volatile?

<p>AsH<sub>3</sub> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element does not form pentahalides?

<p>Nitrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Order the following halides in terms of stability from most to least stable.

<p>PF<sub>3</sub>, PCl<sub>3</sub>, PBr<sub>3</sub>, PI<sub>3</sub> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hydride possesses the highest reducing capability?

<p>BiH<sub>3</sub> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following orders correctly represents the covalent character of the hydrides?

<p>NH<sub>3</sub> &lt; PH<sub>3</sub> &lt; SbH<sub>3</sub> &lt; BiH<sub>3</sub> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Covalent radius order

N < P < As < Sb < Bi; small increase from As to Bi due to filled d/f orbitals.

Ionization energy order

N > P > As > Sb > Bi; same order for IE1, IE2, IE3.

Density order

N < P < As < Sb < Bi; density increases down the group.

Melting point order

N < P < As > Sb < Bi; As > Sb > Bi > P.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Boiling point order

N < P < As < Sb < Bi; boiling point increases down the group.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Metallic character

Increases down the group from N to Bi.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Allotropes of phosphorus

Except N, others are allotropes; includes white P, red P, black P.

Signup and view all the flashcards

White phosphorus properties

Translucent, waxy, poisonous solid; highly reactive and shows chemiluminescence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

White Phosphorus

A soft waxy solid that is poisonous and glows in the dark.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Red Phosphorus

A brittle powder that is non-poisonous and odourless.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thermodynamic Stability Order

Black phosphorus > Red phosphorus > White phosphorus in terms of stability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Electrical Conductivity

White and red phosphorus do not conduct electricity; black phosphorus is a semiconductor.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Molecular Formula of White Phosphorus

The molecular formula of white phosphorus is P4.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Disproportionation

A chemical reaction in which a substance is simultaneously oxidized and reduced, forming two different products.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Intermediate oxidation states

Oxidation states that are between highly oxidized and reduced states, often prone to disproportionation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Group-15 oxides

Compounds formed by group-15 elements that typically exist as E2O3 and E2O5, with increasing acidity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

+5 oxidation state

A higher oxidation state in group-15 elements that exhibits stability and acts as a strong oxidizing agent.

Signup and view all the flashcards

EH3 Hydrides

Hydrides formed by group-15 elements, generally colorless and become more poisonous from NH3 to BiH3.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Order of Basicity

Basicity order: NH₃ > PH₃ > AsH₃ > SbH₃.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Order of Boiling Points

Boiling point order: BiH₃ > SbH₃ > NH₃ > AsH₃ > PH₃.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Order of Stability

Stability order: NH₃ > PH₃ > AsH₃ > SbH₃.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Order of Reducing Action

Reducing action order: BiH₃ > SbH₃ > AsH₃ > PH₃ > NH₃.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Order of Covalent Character

Covalent character order: NH₃ < PH₃ < AsH₃ < SbH₃ < BiH₃.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reaction Towards Halides

Fluoride > Chloride > Bromide > Iodide for stability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pentahalides Formation

Nitrogen cannot form pentahalides due to lack of d-orbitals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Elemental Halides

For Bi: BiF₃, BiCl₃, BiBr₃, BiI₃ exhibit both ionic and covalent characteristics.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Nitrogen Family

  • General Properties:
    • Covalent radius increases down the group due to increasing principal quantum number
    • Ionization energy decreases down the group
    • Metallic character increases down the group
    • Density increases down the group
    • Melting point increases partially down the group, then decreases in some elements
    • Nitrogen is a diatomic gas, other elements are solids
    • Nitrogen forms triple bonds, others form single, double, and triple bonds
    • Nitrogen's small size can satisfy its trivalency by forming triple bonds, whereas other elements need to form multiple bonds to accommodate their valence electrons

Allotropy

  • Allotropes of Phosphorus:
    • White (most reactive and lest stable)
    • Red (modestly reactive and more stable)
    • Black (least reactive and the most stable form)
    • Allotropes of the other elements were not explicitly included

Chemical Properties

  • Oxidation States:

    • Common oxidation states are -3, +3, and +5

  • Reactions with Oxygen:

    • The elements form oxides in both +3 and +5 oxidation states
    • Oxides in the +3 oxidation state act as reducing agents
    • Oxides in +5 oxidation state act as oxidizing agents

  • Reactions with Halogen:

    • Elements in group 15 readily form trihalides
    • Pentahalides are less common, mainly for elements higher than Nitrogen (N)
    • Most of the halides are non-volatile

  • Reactions with Hydrogen:

    • Hydrides are formed and their stability decreases as you move down the group

Stability of Different Allotropes

  • Black Phosphorus is the most stable of the Phosphorus allotropes

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Nitrogen Family Properties (PDF)

More Like This

The Group V-A Nitrogen Family Quiz
5 questions

The Group V-A Nitrogen Family Quiz

EntrancingSerpentine4575 avatar
EntrancingSerpentine4575
Nitrogen Family and P-Block Elements Quiz
12 questions

Electron Affinity of Nitrogen Family: Quiz and Flashcards

QuietHarpsichord avatar
QuietHarpsichord
Periodic Table Elements Group 5A and 6A Flashcards
14 questions

Periodic Table Elements Group 5A and 6A Flashcards

CorrectSaxhorn avatar
CorrectSaxhorn
Nitrogen Family Overview
6 questions

Nitrogen Family Overview

BrainiestDouglasFir avatar
BrainiestDouglasFir
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser