Ninth Grade Chemistry - First Semester

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Questions and Answers

Which characteristic primarily determines whether a compound is classified as an acid or a base?

  • The production of H+ or OH- ions when the compound is dissolved in water (correct)
  • The type of container the compound is stored in
  • The presence of carbon atoms in the compound
  • The compound's color

What is the defining characteristic of a strong acid?

  • It does not react with metals
  • It only partially ionizes in water
  • It completely ionizes in water (correct)
  • It has a pH greater than 7

Which statement accurately describes how the size of atoms changes as you move from left to right across a period in the periodic table?

  • Atomic size generally decreases due to an increasing nuclear charge attracting electrons more strongly. (correct)
  • Atomic size generally increases due to the addition of electrons.
  • Atomic size remains constant because the number of electron shells is the same.
  • Atomic size fluctuates unpredictably.

How does the chemical activity of metals typically change as you move down Group 1 (the alkali metals) in the periodic table?

<p>Activity increases because the outermost electron is more easily lost due to increased distance from the nucleus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly relates the number of electron shells to the period number in the periodic table?

<p>The period number indicates the number of electron shells in the atom. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using the 'alpha particles' in Rutherford's gold foil experiment?

<p>To observe how the alpha particles were affected by the positively charged nucleus, leading to the development of the nuclear model of the atom. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the results of electrolysis experiments contribute to the understanding of atomic structure?

<p>They indicated that atoms contain charged particles, leading to the discovery of the electron. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a catalyst, such as vanadium(V) oxide in the Contact Process for sulfuric acid production?

<p>To make the reaction proceed at a lower temperature, increasing the reaction rate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What experimental evidence led to the conclusion that electrons are fundamental particles present in all atoms, regardless of the element?

<p>All the types of cathode rays were the same no matter the method used to create them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are noble gases generally unreactive?

<p>Their outermost electron shells are completely filled. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ammonia is produced commercially using the Haber process. Which of the following statements accurately describes a key aspect of this process?

<p>It uses a catalyst, moderate temperatures, and high pressures to combine nitrogen and hydrogen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) reacts with magnesium metal (Mg), what products are formed?

<p>A salt (MgCl2) and hydrogen gas (H2) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a neutralization reaction between a strong acid and a strong base, what products are formed?

<p>A salt and water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between the strength of an acid or base and the pH of its solution?

<p>Stronger acids have lower pH values, while stronger bases have higher pH values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of iodine solution to disinfect surgical tools is an example of what general property of iodine?

<p>Antimicrobial application (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of seawater in the formation of a salt?

<p>Is the solvent responsible for creating stable saline. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do testing tubes play in certain chemistry experiments?

<p>Creating specialized solutions for testing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Carbon 14, as a radioisotope, plays a particularly important role in archaeology?

<p>Calculating age. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acids produce hydrogen (H+) in water and the strength of those acids are:

<p>Differentiated based degree of ionization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In some specific combination of elements in the laboratory, it is often necessary to handle samples only after adding what specific element?

<p>Water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of protons equal the elements atomic number and an elements isotopes each have:

<p>Same number of protons but different number of neutrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the molecular levels of volume respond to increased counts of protons?

<p>Increase constantly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Across a period, the atomic number varies, this means:

<p>Each of the three elements listed vary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do metals have a shiny appearance?

<p>Electrons on the surface reflect light (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can one test basic levels of traits?

<p>An isotope indicator (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most efficient method for producing saline?

<p>Evaporations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process has the effect of a "chain reaction"

<p>Emission. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why it is critical the components, and ratios of a material effect its properties?

<p>For quality. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has led to new knowledge of matter?

<p>New technology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides collisions, what is another process for scientific achievement?

<p>Electrolysis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What affect does large counts of energy have in a physical chain?

<p>Destabilizes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How could a student assess this text to its logical strengths?

<p>Verify the scientific integrity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Other than safety aspects, what is not primarily a benefit for acids to be handled only after being mixed with "aqueous solvent"?

<p>To measure the PH more effectively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a future class contain, that will allow learning new scientific concepts for multiple students to work together?

<p>That will improve with new information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concentration of hydronium affect acids?

<p>Equal or less pH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major problem/downside with the usage of "Ammonia"?

<p>Some of the solutions it creates will dissolve. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In chemistry terms, what do some salts affect with the right quantity and nature?

<p>Will be more resistant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compared to the other choices, what do all "noble gases" have?

<p>All possess the maximum level capacity for electrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How could the effect of having an explosion to study an item, be defined?

<p>To better understand how items break. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increasing mass inside a test tube system, while also keeping the charge level the same?

<p>Will become larger (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are Atoms?

Particles which are small and not able to be broken down into smaller units

What are protons?

Positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom.

What are neutrons?

Electrically neutral particles in the nucleus of an atom.

What are electrons?

Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus of an atom.

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What is the Atomic Model?

A representation expressing ideas on the structure of the atom and its components.

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What is Dalton's Atomic Theory?

All matter consist of particles called Atoms, atoms of same element are identical.

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What is Electrolysis?

A process of passing electricity through ionic compounds to break them up into elements.

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What is Cathode Ray?

Electrons move from the cathode to the anode in vacuum tube.

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What is Thomson's Model?

Thomson's model says electrons are negatively charged particles found inside the atom.

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What is Rutherford's Model?

Rutherford model said it contains charged nucleus surrounded by electrons and lots of empty space.

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What is Atomic Number?

The total number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

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What are isotopes?

Atoms of a same element contains same number of proton with different number of neutrons.

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What are radioactive isotopes?

When atoms have unstable nucleus, they emit particles spontaneously.

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What are Energy Levels?

Region of space where an electron with particular energy exists.

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What electron arrangements?

Number of electrons an atom can accommodate in shells

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What is Periodic Table?

Elements are arranged, based on number of protons and recurring chemical properties.

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What are Periodic Properties?

Recurring trends in the properties of elements when arranged in the periodic table.

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What is Atomic Size?

Size of an atom, which decreases towards the right of periodic table.

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What is reactivity?

Ability of atom to react and for ions

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What are metals?

They contain the most metallic elements in periodic 

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What are Nonmetals?

They do not have metallic properties .

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What are Acids?

Their acidity is ranked based on its capacity to release H+ ions

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What is Strong Acid?

Acidity depends only on the H+ volume that is released

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What is Weak Acid?

Acidity does not have a great capacity to release H+ ions

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What are Bases?

Base capacity depends of OH- volume

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What is Strong Bases?

It has a great capacity to release OH- ions

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What is Weak Bases?

Their Capacity to release OH- is limited

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What is pH Scale?

Level of acidity and base are inversely related

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what is Neutralization?

The process of mixing acidity and base to creat both balanced neutral mixture

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What is Iconic equation?

It can be the volume of ions that are in the liquid mix

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what is Neutralization Reaction?

There are many types of reactions at chemical level.

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What are acids?

When compounds break down to release H+ ions.

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What are acidic oxides?

Oxides formed by nonmetals, like carbon dioxide.

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What Salts?

Reactions involving acids and alkails in chemicals and laboratory.

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What is Salts Preparation?

Reactions and processes to create salts and balanced structures.

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What are Salts Classification?

Gases are released and reacted to create more neutral balanced states.

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What is acid rain?

Water mixes with some gas to have a corrosive effect.

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Study Notes

Chemistry, Ninth Grade - First Semester

  • Chemistry for ninth grade students, first semester

National Center for Curriculum Development

  • Developed at the National Center for Curriculum Development
  • The writing team consisted of Musa Ata Allah Al-Tarawneh (head), Bilal Faris Mahmoud, Jamila Mahmoud Atieh, Tayseer Ahmed Al-Subaihat, and Muhammad Suleiman Al-Thawabia.
  • The publisher is the National Center for Curriculum Development
  • Prepared Primarily in English then Translated to Arabic, adapted, customised and published by the National Center for Curriculum Development. Amman - Jordan
  • ISBN: 978-9923-41-490-3

Subject Areas

  • Introduction
  • Unit 1: Structure of the Atom
  • Initial experiment: Vacuum tubes
  • Lesson 1: Components of the atom
  • Lesson 2: Electronic distribution and the periodic table
  • Unit review
  • Unit 2: Acids, Bases, and Salts
  • Initial experiment: Acidic and basic properties of some substances
  • Lesson 1: Properties of acids and bases
  • Lesson 2: Reaction of acids and bases
  • Glossary
  • List of references

Preface

  • Focus is on developing scientific concepts, thinking skills, problem-solving, integrating life skills with other studies, and utilizing national expertise, aligning with national values and meeting student needs.
  • The book aims to prepare a generation equipped with 21st-century skills, capable of facing challenges, and proud of their national identity.
  • A five-stage learning cycle based on constructivist theory is adopted, emphasizing the student's role, providing opportunities for inquiry, problem-solving, research, technology use, and scientific processes.
  • The STEAM approach is integrated, combining science, technology, engineering, art, humanities, and mathematics.
  • The book includes two units: the structure of the atom, acids, bases, and salts.
  • Emphasis is placed on practical experiments to develop laboratory skills, with clear explanations, safety guidelines, and analytical questions.

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