Nicomachean Ethics Book 1: Function Argument

Study Notes

Aristotle's Function Argument

The goodness of an action is measured by its intended ends, with happiness identified as the ultimate goal.
Happiness is inherently valuable and not pursued as a means to an end; it is an end in itself.
Humans, as rational beings, are distinct from other living creatures; their function is to act based on reason.
Rational activity defines human function; performing rational actions well aligns with virtue.
Rationality guides human actions, making rational fulfillment central to achieving eudaimonia (happiness).

Objections to the Function Argument

A key objection states that Aristotle's function argument implies humans lack intrinsic functions beyond their activities.
Critics argue that Aristotle addresses functions only concerning occupations rather than inherent human characteristics.
The objection suggests that if rational action defines function, it may parallel mechanical functions without true rationality.

Aristotle's Possible Responses

Aristotle could argue that rationality and human identity are inseparable, asserting that rational pursuit of happiness is essential to human nature.
He would maintain that rational actions contribute to eudaimonia and are intrinsically fulfilling.
Occupations pursued virtuously contribute to one's well-being, thus forming both means and ends aligned with happiness.

Assessment of the Exchange

Aristotle appears to prevail in the exchange due to his nuanced understanding of ethics that transcends mere logical debate.
Critics may overlook the complexity of Aristotle's insights and their practical relevance in ethical discussions.
Ethics as a subject intertwines with human experiences beyond simple logic, highlighting Aristotle’s practical approach.

Nature of the Good

The good varies across different arts and activities, defined as the end or purpose behind actions.
Not all ends are final; some serve merely as means to other ends, complicating the distinction of finality.
Happiness is identified as the ultimate and self-sufficient good, pursued solely for its own sake.
True happiness encompasses broader social relationships, transcending individual concepts of good.

Defining Happiness through Function

The proper function of humans involves rational activity aligned with rational principles, distinct from mere biological existence.
Happiness is an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue, not just a fleeting state but a lifelong endeavor.
A well-lived life, based on virtue and rationality, characterizes the fulfillment of human potential and happiness.
Ethics lacks precise scientific definitions; it requires a practical approach and contextual considerations for different cases.

Description

Dive into Aristotle's 'function argument' presented in Book 1, Chapter 7 of Nicomachean Ethics. This concept explores how the goodness of actions is assessed by their intended ends, highlighting the pursuit of happiness as the ultimate goal in ethical theory. Understand its significance in shaping Aristotle's moral philosophy.