CH 4
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What does the example of Roger in the library suggest about attention?

  • Attention is not influenced by the type of task being performed.
  • Attention is always easily distracted by external stimuli.
  • Attention can be selective, allowing focus on specific tasks while ignoring others. (correct)
  • Attention is primarily influenced by the volume of the distracting noise.

    • What can be inferred about the effect of talking on cell phones while driving a car, based on the text?

  • It may have a distracting effect on attention. (correct)
  • It has no impact on attention while driving.
  • It enhances the ability to focus on driving tasks.
  • It only affects attention when performing complex tasks.

    • What does the example of the book cart commotion reveal about attention?

  • Attention is solely influenced by visual stimuli.
  • Attention is only affected by familiar sounds.
  • Attention is immune to external disturbances.
  • Attention can be captured by sudden loud noises and commotion. (correct)

    • Under what conditions can we pay attention to more than one thing at a time, based on the text?

    <p>It is possible under certain conditions, although not explicitly mentioned in the text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Treisman's model of selective attention, the final output of the system is determined by which unit?

    <p>The dictionary unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of model proposes that the attended message gets through, along with parts of weaker, unattended messages?

    <p>Treisman's model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did MacKay's experiment show, leading to the proposal of late selection models?

    <p>Biasing words presented to the unattended ear affected participants' judgments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do late selection models propose about the processing of incoming information?

    <p>Most incoming information is processed to the level of meaning before further processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Selective attention research focuses on which of the following aspects?

    <p>When selective attention occurs and the types of information used for selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what conditions can early and late selection occur, according to research?

    <p>Depend on the observer's task and stimuli presented</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nilli Lavie's study focused on the idea that the ability to selectively attend to a task depends on which factors?

    <p>Both the distracting stimulus and the nature of the task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concepts did Nilli Lavie introduce to understand the factors that control attention?

    <p>Processing capacity and perceptual load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sets a limit on the ability to process incoming information?

    <p>Processing capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is related to the difficulty of a task?

    <p>Perceptual load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Forster and Lavie's study, what did the results show for harder tasks?

    <p>Longer reaction times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory explains the impact of processing capacity and perceptual load?

    <p>Lavie's load theory of attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In low-load tasks, what happens to processing capacity?

    <p>It remains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ability to ignore task-irrelevant stimuli depend on?

    <p>Task load and stimulus power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Stroop effect demonstrate?

    <p>Difficulty in ignoring task-irrelevant stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are participants asked to do in the Stroop effect demonstration?

    <p>Name the color of the ink used to print shapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does distraction depend on in high-load tasks?

    <p>Processing capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Forster and Lavie study in relation to distraction?

    <p>Relation to perceptual load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the displays used in the study by Forster and Lavie contain?

    <p>Targets surrounded by different letters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of processing capacity and perceptual load according to Lavie's load theory of attention?

    <p>Decreased distraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does selective attention refer to?

    <p>The ability to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is divided attention?

    <p>The ability to pay attention to more than one thing at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is attentional capture?

    <p>The rapid shifting of attention caused by a stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cocktail party effect refer to?

    <p>The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Broadbent's filter model of attention introduce?

    <p>An explanation for the results of dichotic listening experiments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did dichotic listening experiments confirm?

    <p>The inability to process most information presented to the unattended ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did William James's definition of attention capture?

    <p>The withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is visual scanning?

    <p>Movements of the eyes from one location or object to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does distraction refer to?

    <p>The interference of one stimulus with the processing of another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What began modern research on attention in the 1950s?

    <p>The introduction of Broadbent’s filter model of attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the noise of the overturned book cart exemplify?

    <p>Attentional capture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Donald Broadbent's filter model of attention explain?

    <p>How to focus on one message and filter out others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model proposed that information passes through stages including sensory memory, filter, detector, short-term memory, and long-term memory?

    <p>Broadbent's Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which model does the attenuator replace the filter to analyze the incoming message in terms of physical characteristics, language, and meaning?

    <p>Treisman's Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which experiment supported the findings that unattended information is processed to provide awareness of its meaning?

    <p>Neville Moray's experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which experiment did participants report hearing the message 'Dear Aunt Jane' even though the message presented to the attended ear was 'Dear 7 Jane'?

    <p>Dear Aunt Jane experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to which model, both attended and unattended messages pass through the attenuator, with the attended message emerging at full strength and the unattended messages being attenuated?

    <p>Treisman's Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model suggests that the analysis of the message proceeds only as far as necessary to identify the attended message?

    <p>Treisman's Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the 'Dear Aunt Jane' experiment, what was the message presented to the attended ear?

    <p>Dear 7 Jane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model proposed that once the attended and unattended messages have been identified, the attended message emerges at full strength, while the unattended messages are weaker but still present?

    <p>Treisman's Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model allows for the use of language and meaning to separate messages?

    <p>Treisman's Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model proposed the flow diagram to cognitive psychology?

    <p>Broadbent's Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which model is the filter replaced with an attenuator to analyze the incoming message?

    <p>Treisman's Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model is considered an early selection model as the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning?

    <p>Broadbent's Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Processing Capacity and Perceptual Load in Attention

    • Lavie considers processing capacity and perceptual load in attention
    • Processing capacity sets a limit on the ability to process incoming information
    • Perceptual load is related to the difficulty of a task
    • Forster and Lavie studied distraction in relation to processing capacity and perceptual load
    • The study used displays with targets surrounded by different letters
    • Results showed longer reaction times for harder tasks and slower response to distracting stimuli
    • Lavie's load theory of attention explains the impact of processing capacity and perceptual load
    • In low-load tasks, processing capacity remains, allowing processing of task-irrelevant stimuli
    • In high-load tasks, no processing capacity remains, making distraction less likely
    • The ability to ignore task-irrelevant stimuli depends on the task load and the stimulus power
    • Stroop effect demonstrates difficulty in ignoring task-irrelevant stimuli
    • Participants are asked to name the color of the ink used to print shapes in a demonstration

    Different Aspects of Attention in Cognitive Psychology

    • Roger's experiences illustrate different aspects of attention, including selective attention, distraction, divided attention, attentional capture, and visual scanning.
    • Selective attention is the ability to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others, as illustrated by Roger focusing on his math homework while ignoring people talking.
    • Distraction occurs when one stimulus interferes with the processing of another stimulus, as seen when the conversation in the library interfered with Roger's cell phone game.
    • Divided attention is the ability to pay attention to more than one thing at a time, as demonstrated when Roger decided to listen in on a conversation while playing a game.
    • Attentional capture refers to the rapid shifting of attention caused by a stimulus, such as a loud noise, bright light, or sudden movement, exemplified by the noise of the overturned book cart interrupting Roger's eavesdropping.
    • Visual scanning involves movements of the eyes from one location or object to another, demonstrated by Roger's attempt to identify the people across the room.
    • William James's definition of attention captures the withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others, but it doesn't capture the diversity of phenomena associated with attention.
    • Attention is not one thing; there are many different aspects of attention studied using different approaches.
    • Modern research on attention began in the 1950s with the introduction of Broadbent’s filter model of attention, which explains the results of Colin Cherry's dichotic listening experiment.
    • Dichotic listening experiments confirmed that people are not aware of most of the information presented to the unattended ear, as shown by participants being unaware of a word repeated 35 times in the unattended ear.
    • The cocktail party effect refers to the ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli, such as focusing on what one person is saying at a noisy party.
    • Donald Broadbent's filter model of attention explains how it is possible to focus on one message and why information isn’t taken in from the other message.

    Broadbent's Model of Attention and Treisman's Modification

    • Broadbent's model introduced the flow diagram to cognitive psychology
    • The model proposed that information passes through stages: sensory memory, filter, detector, short-term memory, and long-term memory
    • It is an early selection model as the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning
    • Neville Moray's experiment tested Broadbent's theory and found that unattended information is processed to provide awareness of its meaning
    • J.A. Gray and A.I. Wedderburn's "Dear Aunt Jane" experiment supported Moray's findings
    • Anne Treisman proposed a modification of Broadbent's model, replacing the filter with an attenuator
    • The attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of physical characteristics, language, and meaning
    • In Treisman's model, both attended and unattended messages pass through the attenuator, with the attended message emerging at full strength and the unattended messages being attenuated
    • Treisman's model allows for the use of language and meaning to separate messages
    • In the "Dear Aunt Jane" experiment, participants reported hearing the message "Dear Aunt Jane," even though the message presented to the attended ear was "Dear 7 Jane"
    • Treisman's model suggests that the analysis of the message proceeds only as far as necessary to identify the attended message
    • The model proposes that once the attended and unattended messages have been identified, the attended message emerges at full strength, while the unattended messages are weaker but still present

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