Newton's Laws of Motion

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Questions and Answers

According to Newton's First Law, what condition is necessary for an object to change its state of motion?

  • An unbalanced force acting upon the object. (correct)
  • A balanced force acting upon the object.
  • The object being at rest.
  • The absence of any forces acting on the object.

In Newton's Second Law, if the mass of an object is doubled while the force acting on it remains constant, the acceleration will also double.

False (B)

What term describes the measure of an object's resistance to changes in its state of motion?

Inertia

According to Newton's Third Law, for every action, there is an ______ and opposite reaction.

<p>equal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of force with its method of interaction:

<p>Friction = Requires direct contact between surfaces Gravitational = Acts at a distance without physical contact Tension = Arises from pulling forces through a rope or cable Applied = Results from direct physical push or pull</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes kinetic friction?

<p>The force that opposes motion between two surfaces already in motion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Displacement and distance are always equal in magnitude, regardless of the path taken.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating speed?

<p>$s = d/t$</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rate at which velocity changes over time is known as ______.

<p>acceleration</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of motion, what distinguishes velocity from speed?

<p>Velocity has both magnitude and direction, while speed has magnitude only. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Newton's 1st Law

An object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Balanced Force

When forces acting on an object cancel each other out, the object doesn't move.

Unbalanced Force

When forces acting on an object cause acceleration.

Newton's 2nd Law

The magnitude of force equals mass multiplied by acceleration; F = ma

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Inertia

The measure of resistance to changes in motion, including changes to speed or direction.

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Motion

Change in an object's position, including displacement, distance, speed, velocity, and acceleration.

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Displacement

Straight line from start to end reference point, used to define object's position.

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Speed

Distance traveled per unit of time; Speed = distance / time

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Velocity

Speed of an object in a certain direction.

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Acceleration

The rate at which velocity changes over time; Acceleration = change in velocity / time

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Study Notes

  • Forces and Motion

Newton's First Law

  • An object stays in motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
  • Balanced forces: When forces cancel, the object doesn't move.
    • Example: Equal 10N forces acting in opposite directions.
  • Unbalanced forces: When forces cause the object to accelerate.
    • Example: 5N force overcomes a 3N force, resulting in a net 2N force to the left.
  • If arrows representing forces are in opposite directions, subtract to find net force.
  • If arrows are in the same direction, add to find net force.
  • Free body diagrams are used to determine net force.

Newton's Second Law

  • Force magnitude equals mass multiplied by acceleration.
  • Force (Newtons) = mass (kg) * acceleration (m/s²)
  • Formulas: F=ma, m=F/a, a=F/m
  • Mass is a measure of inertia.
  • Greater mass means greater inertia, requiring more force for acceleration.
  • "Inertia" refers to resistance to changes in motion, including speed, direction, or state of rest.
    • Example: A car stopping abruptly causes passengers to jerk forward due to inertia.
  • Acceleration is proportional to Force
  • Acceleration is inversely proportional to mass

Newton's Third Law

  • For every action, there's an equal but opposite reaction.
    • Example: Cannon exerts force on ball and ball exerts equal and opposite force on the cannon (recoil).

Types of Forces

  • Contact forces
    • Friction
    • Tension
    • Normal
    • Applied
    • Air resistance (drag).
  • Non-contact forces
    • Gravitational
    • Electrical/electrostatic
    • Magnetic.

Motion

  • Described with displacement, distance, speed, velocity, and acceleration

Displacement

  • Is a straight line from start to end

Speed

  • Distance traveled per unit of time (scalar)
  • Formula: s = d/t
  • Units: m/s, km/h, etc.

Velocity

  • Speed of an object in a certain direction (vector)
  • Formula: speed w. direction / time
  • Units: m/s, km/h, etc. (with direction)

Acceleration

  • Rate at which velocity changes over time
  • Examples: start, stop, speed up, slow down, change direction.
  • Formula: a = (vf - vi) / t or Δv/Δt
  • Units: m/s²

Formulas

  • F = ma
  • a = F/m
  • m = F/a
  • Fnet = Fnet(horizontal) + Fnet(vertical)
  • s = d/t
  • d = st
  • t = d/s
  • a = (vf - vi) / t

Friction

  • A force opposing motion, generated between two surfaces.
  • Rough surfaces create more friction.
  • Static friction prevents motion.
  • Kinetic friction slows down objects.

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