Newborn Immunization Program Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is a distinguishing feature of active immunity?

Protection is derived from antibodies transferred from another person.

Protection is temporary and fades quickly.

Protection is achieved through the use of inactivated toxins.

Protection is produced by a human's own immune system. (correct)

How does passive immunity differ from active immunity?

Passive immunity does not involve any antibodies.

Passive immunity is temporary and wanes over time. (correct)

Passive immunity lasts longer than active immunity.

Passive immunity is produced by the individual's own immune response.

What role does a toxoid play in a vaccine?

It is an inactive form of a toxin used as an antigen. (correct)

It is designed to enhance the body's immune system independently.

It is a fully active toxin that elicits no immune response.

It causes the disease by invading the bloodstream.

Which type of vaccine is derived from weakened pathogens?

Live-attenuated vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of vaccines that use polysaccharides bound to carrier proteins?

They induce a long-term protective response, even in infants. Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate timeframe for administering AMV2 after AMV1?

One month after AMV1 Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is eligible to receive the first dose of the Rotavirus vaccine?

Infants aged 6 weeks to 15 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccines must be stored in the refrigerator at +2 to +8°C?

All other vaccines including measles vaccine, MMR, and Rotavirus vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum age for administering the second dose of Rotavirus vaccine?

32 weeks Signup and view all the answers

How should the Rotavirus vaccine be administered to avoid spitting or failed swallowing?

Slowly along one side of the mouth Signup and view all the answers

What temperature should OPV be stored at?

-15 to -25°C Signup and view all the answers

What is a key action to stimulate swallowing in infants aged 5 months or older during vaccine administration?

Stroke the throat in a downward motion Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of screening children entering daycare centers or preschool for measles immunization?

To ensure they have received measles immunization Signup and view all the answers

What defines inactivated vaccines in the context of immunization?

They are made from microorganisms that have been killed. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true for protein-based subunit vaccines?

They present only specific isolates of a pathogen's protein. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary limitation of polysaccharide vaccines?

They are ineffective in infants and young children. Signup and view all the answers

What can be said about the immunity generated by polysaccharide vaccines?

They induce only short-term immunity. Signup and view all the answers

How do conjugate subunit vaccines work?

They combine polysaccharides with proteins to improve immunogenicity. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the process of immunization?

It confers artificial immunity through vaccine administration. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the significant challenges with young children's immunity?

It is difficult to induce immunity with polysaccharide vaccines. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'immunity' refer to in the context of infectious diseases?

Resistance and protection from a specific disease. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with reconstituted freeze-dried vaccines after 6 hours?

They should be discarded. Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine should be protected from sunlight?

Rotavirus Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a Fully Immunized Child (FIC)?

A child which includes BCG, three doses of OPV, DPT, and hepatitis B. Signup and view all the answers

What does the designation 'Child Protected At Birth (CPAB)' require?

The mother must have received two doses of TT during pregnancy. Signup and view all the answers

What specifically must not be submerged in water?

The vaccine vial septum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vaccines require specific diluents for reconstitution?

BCG, AMV, and MMR Signup and view all the answers

What does a Completely Immunized Child refer to?

A child who received their immunization schedule from ages 12-23 months. Signup and view all the answers

When is the VVM on a vial considered to have reached the discard point?

When it exhibits a clear signal that it can no longer be used. Signup and view all the answers

What type of sample is collected for Expanded Newborn Screening (ENBS)?

Blood sample Signup and view all the answers

Who can collect the blood sample for ENBS?

Any trained health professional including nurses and midwives Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Expanded Newborn Screening?

To identify congenital disorders in newborns Signup and view all the answers

How much does the Expanded Newborn Screening typically cost?

₱1750 Signup and view all the answers

Where are Expanded Newborn Screening services available?

In hospitals, rural health units, and private clinics Signup and view all the answers

What does the National Comprehensive Newborn Screening System envision for all Filipino children?

For all children to be born healthy and well Signup and view all the answers

Where can results from ENBS be claimed?

From the health facility where ENBS was availed Signup and view all the answers

What types of disorders does ENBS screen for?

Congenital metabolic and genetic disorders Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Newborn Immunization Program (NIP)

The NIP is a program to confer artificial immunity against infectious diseases
The NIP uses vaccines to control and eliminate life-threatening diseases
It is one of the most cost-effective health investments.

Immunity

Immunity is the ability of the body to tolerate its own material and eliminate foreign material.
Two basic mechanisms for acquiring immunity:
- Active Immunity: protection produced by the person’s own immune system
- Passive Immunity: protection by products produced by an animal or human and transferred to another human by injection

Vaccines

Vaccines protect against more than 25 debilitating or life-threatening diseases
Types of vaccines:
- Live-Attenuated Vaccines (LAV): derived from weakened disease-causing pathogens
- Inactivated Vaccines (Killed Antigen): made from killed microorganisms that cannot cause disease.
- Subunit Vaccines (Purified Antigen): present an antigen to the immune system without viral particles
  - Protein-based Subunit Vaccines: use a specific isolated protein of the pathogen
  - Polysaccharide Vaccines: create a response against the molecules in the pathogen’s capsule; not effective in infants under 24 months; induce short-term immunity
  - Conjugate Subunit Vaccines: benefits from technology that binds polysaccharide to a carrier protein for long-term protection even in infants
- Toxoid Vaccines (Inactivated Toxins): based on the toxin produced by certain bacteria; the toxin is rendered harmless (toxoid) and used as an antigen to elicit immunity

Vaccine Administration and Schedule

Measles Immunization:
- Children entering day care centers/preschool and Grade I shall be screened. Those without immunization shall be referred for immunization.
Rotavirus Vaccine: - First dose is administered only to infants aged 6 weeks to 15 weeks. - Second dose is given only to infants aged 10 weeks up to a maximum of 32 weeks. - Administer the entire dose slowly down one side of the mouth with the tip of the applicator directed toward the back of the infant’s mouth.

Vaccine Storage and Handling

Cold chain monitors, thermometers, and cold packs are essential for vaccine storage and handling
Cold Chain Requirements:
- OPV: -15 to 25⁰C. OPV is stored in the freezer; in the vaccine bag, OPV is placed in contact with cold packs.
- All other vaccines (including measles, MMR, and Rotavirus) are stored in the refrigerator at +2 to +8⁰C.

EPI Recording and Reporting

EPI recording and reporting are accomplished using the FHSIS
Fully Immunized Children (FIC): those who have been given BCG, 3 doses of OPV, 3 doses of DPT and hepatitis B vaccine, or 3 doses of Pentavalent vaccine, and 1 dose of anti-measles vaccine before reaching one year of age.
Completely Immunized Child: refers to children who completed their immunization schedule at the age of 12-23 months.
Child Protected at Birth (CPAB): a term used to describe a child whose mother has received two doses of TT during pregnancy or at least three doses of TT anytime prior to pregnancy.

Newborn Screening (NBS)

It is a simple procedure to find out if a baby has a congenital disorder that may lead to mental retardation or death if left untreated.
The following are screened:
- Metabolic
- Hormone
- Genetic

Expanded Newborn Screening (ENBS)

ENBS is available in hospitals, lying-ins, rural health units, health centers, and some private clinics.
Blood samples may be collected by a physician, a nurse, a medical technologist, or a trained midwife.
Costs ₱1750 and is included in the Newborn Care Package (NCP) for PhilHealth members.
Results can be claimed from the health facility where ENBS was availed.

Newborn Screening Centers (NSC)

NSC - NORTHERN LUZON ~ Ilocos Norte
NSC - CENTRAL LUZON ~ Pampanga
NSC - SOUTHERN LUZON ~ Batangas
NSC - NIH ~ Manila
NSC - VISAYAS ~ Iloilo City
NSC - CENTRAL VISAYAS ~ Cebu
NSC - MINDANAO ~ Davao del Sur

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Description

This quiz covers the Newborn Immunization Program (NIP), focusing on the importance of vaccines in conferring artificial immunity against infectious diseases. It also delves into the basic mechanisms of immunity—active and passive—and various types of vaccines utilized in the program. Test your knowledge on how these elements contribute to public health.