Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to the text, which perspective emphasizes the idea that children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations?
According to the text, which perspective emphasizes the idea that children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations?
Which term focuses on the process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with?
Which term focuses on the process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with?
Which perspective emphasizes the idea of lifelong patterns established by early experiences and gaining clarity of thought as time goes on?
Which perspective emphasizes the idea of lifelong patterns established by early experiences and gaining clarity of thought as time goes on?
Which term involves is hereditary information received from parents?
Which term involves is hereditary information received from parents?
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During which period is the spinal cord formed?
During which period is the spinal cord formed?
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When are the upper limbs very sensitive to teratogens?
When are the upper limbs very sensitive to teratogens?
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What is the effect of preeclampsia if left untreated?
What is the effect of preeclampsia if left untreated?
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When does habituation occur?
When does habituation occur?
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At what week do creases start to form during hand development?
At what week do creases start to form during hand development?
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When does the dilation stage occur during childbirth?
When does the dilation stage occur during childbirth?
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When does the fetal period begin?
When does the fetal period begin?
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When are the eyes very sensitive to teratogens?
When are the eyes very sensitive to teratogens?
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Which sense is the least developed in newborns?
Which sense is the least developed in newborns?
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What can lead to anoxia and cerebral palsy in newborns?
What can lead to anoxia and cerebral palsy in newborns?
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Which reflexes have survival value and gradually disappear within the first 6 months?
Which reflexes have survival value and gradually disappear within the first 6 months?
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What influences babies' taste preferences?
What influences babies' taste preferences?
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What can help identify CNS abnormalities and developmental issues in newborns?
What can help identify CNS abnormalities and developmental issues in newborns?
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Which state of arousal is experienced by newborns when they are relatively inactive, eyes open and attentive, and have even breathing?
Which state of arousal is experienced by newborns when they are relatively inactive, eyes open and attentive, and have even breathing?
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Which reflex is elicited by stroking the cheek of a newborn?
Which reflex is elicited by stroking the cheek of a newborn?
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What is a potential risk factor for an increased chance of cerebral palsy in newborns?
What is a potential risk factor for an increased chance of cerebral palsy in newborns?
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Which genetic inheritance pattern causes phenotype to be a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes, influencing the expression of certain traits?
Which genetic inheritance pattern causes phenotype to be a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes, influencing the expression of certain traits?
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Which prenatal diagnostic method involves the sampling of amniotic fluid to detect developmental problems before birth?
Which prenatal diagnostic method involves the sampling of amniotic fluid to detect developmental problems before birth?
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Which level of the surrounding environment, according to the ecological systems theory, includes influences from extended family, mass media, and other social structures?
Which level of the surrounding environment, according to the ecological systems theory, includes influences from extended family, mass media, and other social structures?
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Which perspective focuses on directly observable events and behaviors, with an emphasis on the impact of environmental stimuli on behavior?
Which perspective focuses on directly observable events and behaviors, with an emphasis on the impact of environmental stimuli on behavior?
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Which prenatal development process involves the fusion of a sperm and an egg to form a zygote?
Which prenatal development process involves the fusion of a sperm and an egg to form a zygote?
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Which theorist stresses the importance of social interaction and adult assistance in children's cognitive development and the acquisition of cultural behaviors?
Which theorist stresses the importance of social interaction and adult assistance in children's cognitive development and the acquisition of cultural behaviors?
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Which stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, is characterized by the ability to think symbolically, but with limitations in logical reasoning?
Which stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, is characterized by the ability to think symbolically, but with limitations in logical reasoning?
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Which prenatal diagnostic method involves the sampling of placental tissue to detect genetic and chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus?
Which prenatal diagnostic method involves the sampling of placental tissue to detect genetic and chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus?
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Which genetic inheritance pattern involves the interaction of multiple genes to produce a particular trait?
Which genetic inheritance pattern involves the interaction of multiple genes to produce a particular trait?
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Which prenatal diagnostic method uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the developing fetus?
Which prenatal diagnostic method uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the developing fetus?
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Which level of the surrounding environment, according to the ecological systems theory, involves interactions within the immediate surroundings such as family, peers, and school?
Which level of the surrounding environment, according to the ecological systems theory, involves interactions within the immediate surroundings such as family, peers, and school?
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What percentage greater is the height of a 2-year-old compared to birth height?
What percentage greater is the height of a 2-year-old compared to birth height?
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At what age does the weight of an infant triple compared to the end of year 2?
At what age does the weight of an infant triple compared to the end of year 2?
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During which period do the head, chest, and trunk grow first, followed by arms and legs, then hands and feet?
During which period do the head, chest, and trunk grow first, followed by arms and legs, then hands and feet?
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What is the function of myelination in brain development?
What is the function of myelination in brain development?
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What is the name of the cells that coat neural fibers with an insulated fatty sheath?
What is the name of the cells that coat neural fibers with an insulated fatty sheath?
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What happens to neurons that are not stimulated by input from the environment?
What happens to neurons that are not stimulated by input from the environment?
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What is the term for the fibers from different neurons coming close together but not touching?
What is the term for the fibers from different neurons coming close together but not touching?
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What measure of brain functioning records the frequency and amplitude of brain waves in response to a particular stimulus?
What measure of brain functioning records the frequency and amplitude of brain waves in response to a particular stimulus?
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At what age do babies typically shift to categorizing based on common function or behavior?
At what age do babies typically shift to categorizing based on common function or behavior?
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At what age do infants typically exhibit the first signs of stranger anxiety?
At what age do infants typically exhibit the first signs of stranger anxiety?
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At what age do self-conscious emotions such as guilt, shame, and embarrassment typically appear?
At what age do self-conscious emotions such as guilt, shame, and embarrassment typically appear?
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At what age does the stability of temperament start to increase significantly?
At what age does the stability of temperament start to increase significantly?
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According to Bowlby's attachment theory, at what phase do babies display separation anxiety?
According to Bowlby's attachment theory, at what phase do babies display separation anxiety?
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In Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation, which attachment style is characterized by infants being unresponsive to the parent when she is present and not distressed when the parent leaves?
In Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation, which attachment style is characterized by infants being unresponsive to the parent when she is present and not distressed when the parent leaves?
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Which type of attachment is most strongly associated with higher self-esteem, social skills, and empathy in later development?
Which type of attachment is most strongly associated with higher self-esteem, social skills, and empathy in later development?
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At what percentage do children typically exhibit secure attachment?
At what percentage do children typically exhibit secure attachment?
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Which phase of Bowlby's attachment theory involves the development of an internal working model?
Which phase of Bowlby's attachment theory involves the development of an internal working model?
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Which phase of Bowlby's attachment theory involves built-in signals that help bring newborn babies into close contact with other humans who comfort them?
Which phase of Bowlby's attachment theory involves built-in signals that help bring newborn babies into close contact with other humans who comfort them?
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At what age do infants typically exhibit the first signs of cooing (vowel-like noises)?
At what age do infants typically exhibit the first signs of cooing (vowel-like noises)?
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At what age do infants typically start babbling with consonants added, repeating consonant-vowel combinations?
At what age do infants typically start babbling with consonants added, repeating consonant-vowel combinations?
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At what age do 18 to 24 month olds arrive at solutions suddenly rather than through trial and error?
At what age do 18 to 24 month olds arrive at solutions suddenly rather than through trial and error?
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What is the term for the ability to remember and copy the behavior of models who are not present?
What is the term for the ability to remember and copy the behavior of models who are not present?
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At what age do infants imitate actions that are intended but not complete?
At what age do infants imitate actions that are intended but not complete?
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What method is used to discover what infants know about hidden objects and other aspects of physical reality?
What method is used to discover what infants know about hidden objects and other aspects of physical reality?
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At what age do infants demonstrate evidence of object permanence using the violation of expectation method?
At what age do infants demonstrate evidence of object permanence using the violation of expectation method?
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At what age do infants more often engage in predictive tracking of objects?
At what age do infants more often engage in predictive tracking of objects?
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At what age do 8 to 10 month olds remove cover from partially hidden objects before they are able to do so from a fully covered object?
At what age do 8 to 10 month olds remove cover from partially hidden objects before they are able to do so from a fully covered object?
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What is the term for the error made by 8 to 12 month olds when they search for hidden objects?
What is the term for the error made by 8 to 12 month olds when they search for hidden objects?
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What perspective suggests that infants have some built-in cognitive equipment for making sense of experience?
What perspective suggests that infants have some built-in cognitive equipment for making sense of experience?
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At what age do infants demonstrate evidence of object permanence by tracking a ball’s path of movement as it disappears and reappears behind a barrier?
At what age do infants demonstrate evidence of object permanence by tracking a ball’s path of movement as it disappears and reappears behind a barrier?
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What is the term for the perspective that emphasizes the idea of lifelong patterns established by early experiences and gaining clarity of thought as time goes on?
What is the term for the perspective that emphasizes the idea of lifelong patterns established by early experiences and gaining clarity of thought as time goes on?
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At what age do infants search for an object placed on a table and covered by a cloth before they search for an object that a hand deposits under a cloth?
At what age do infants search for an object placed on a table and covered by a cloth before they search for an object that a hand deposits under a cloth?
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Which method is NOT used to study brain activity and specialization in the cerebral cortex?
Which method is NOT used to study brain activity and specialization in the cerebral cortex?
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Which type of malnutrition can lead to lasting physical and cognitive damage in children?
Which type of malnutrition can lead to lasting physical and cognitive damage in children?
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Which theory of cognitive development involves the sensorimotor stage divided into six subsections?
Which theory of cognitive development involves the sensorimotor stage divided into six subsections?
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What do infants build cognitive schemes through?
What do infants build cognitive schemes through?
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What is the name of the reflex elicited by stroking the cheek of a newborn?
What is the name of the reflex elicited by stroking the cheek of a newborn?
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Which stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is characterized by the ability to think symbolically?
Which stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is characterized by the ability to think symbolically?
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What is the process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with called?
What is the process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with called?
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Which prenatal diagnostic method involves the sampling of amniotic fluid to detect developmental problems before birth?
Which prenatal diagnostic method involves the sampling of amniotic fluid to detect developmental problems before birth?
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Which reflexes have survival value and gradually disappear within the first 6 months?
Which reflexes have survival value and gradually disappear within the first 6 months?
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What is the effect of preeclampsia if left untreated?
What is the effect of preeclampsia if left untreated?
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Which theorist emphasizes the nature as hereditary information received from parents and everything else as nurture?
Which theorist emphasizes the nature as hereditary information received from parents and everything else as nurture?
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What is the level of the surrounding environment in the ecological systems theory that involves interactions within the immediate surroundings such as family, peers, and school?
What is the level of the surrounding environment in the ecological systems theory that involves interactions within the immediate surroundings such as family, peers, and school?
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At what age do children start to draw recognizable shapes and label them?
At what age do children start to draw recognizable shapes and label them?
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What age do children typically start to distinguish writing from non-writing?
What age do children typically start to distinguish writing from non-writing?
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At what age do most children use the adult grip pattern for writing?
At what age do most children use the adult grip pattern for writing?
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At what age do children typically exhibit the first signs of cooing?
At what age do children typically exhibit the first signs of cooing?
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In which age range do children typically learn to grip a pencil?
In which age range do children typically learn to grip a pencil?
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At what age do children typically confuse letter pairs that are alike in shape?
At what age do children typically confuse letter pairs that are alike in shape?
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At what age do children typically start to create more complex drawings and conventional human and animal figures?
At what age do children typically start to create more complex drawings and conventional human and animal figures?
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What age do children typically start to experiment with lines and shapes to print letters and words?
What age do children typically start to experiment with lines and shapes to print letters and words?
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At what age do many parts of the cerebral cortex have overproduced synapses?
At what age do many parts of the cerebral cortex have overproduced synapses?
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At what age does the number of synapses in the prefrontal cortex nearly double the adult amount?
At what age does the number of synapses in the prefrontal cortex nearly double the adult amount?
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At what age does the hippocampus undergo rapid synapse formation and myelination?
At what age does the hippocampus undergo rapid synapse formation and myelination?
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At what age does the corpus callosum experience peak synaptic production and myelination?
At what age does the corpus callosum experience peak synaptic production and myelination?
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At what age do most fetuses show a right hand preference during thumb sucking?
At what age do most fetuses show a right hand preference during thumb sucking?
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At what age do self-conscious emotions such as guilt, shame, and embarrassment typically appear?
At what age do self-conscious emotions such as guilt, shame, and embarrassment typically appear?
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At what age do infants typically exhibit the first signs of cooing (vowel-like noises)?
At what age do infants typically exhibit the first signs of cooing (vowel-like noises)?
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At what age do infants demonstrate evidence of object permanence using the violation of expectation method?
At what age do infants demonstrate evidence of object permanence using the violation of expectation method?
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At what age do infants imitate actions that are intended but not complete?
At what age do infants imitate actions that are intended but not complete?
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At what age do 8 to 10 month olds remove cover from partially hidden objects before they are able to do so from a fully covered object?
At what age do 8 to 10 month olds remove cover from partially hidden objects before they are able to do so from a fully covered object?
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At what age do infants more often engage in predictive tracking of objects?
At what age do infants more often engage in predictive tracking of objects?
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At what age does the brain increase from 70% of adult weight to 90% by preschool years?
At what age does the brain increase from 70% of adult weight to 90% by preschool years?
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What contributes to body growth and cognitive performance in early childhood?
What contributes to body growth and cognitive performance in early childhood?
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What is a factor influencing handedness in early childhood?
What is a factor influencing handedness in early childhood?
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What is associated with variations in sleeping arrangements in early childhood?
What is associated with variations in sleeping arrangements in early childhood?
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What has led to a decline in children's lead levels?
What has led to a decline in children's lead levels?
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What does brain plasticity ensure in early childhood?
What does brain plasticity ensure in early childhood?
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What is influenced by repeated exposure to new foods in early childhood?
What is influenced by repeated exposure to new foods in early childhood?
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What is associated with low-level lead exposure in early childhood?
What is associated with low-level lead exposure in early childhood?
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What is influenced by nature, nurture, and prenatal events in determining handedness?
What is influenced by nature, nurture, and prenatal events in determining handedness?
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What is associated with extreme emotional deprivation in early childhood?
What is associated with extreme emotional deprivation in early childhood?
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What contributes to a decline in childhood diseases?
What contributes to a decline in childhood diseases?
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What is influenced by social environment in early childhood?
What is influenced by social environment in early childhood?
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What is influenced by lack of health insurance in low-income families?
What is influenced by lack of health insurance in low-income families?
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What is the impact of emotional well-being on growth and health in preschoolers?
What is the impact of emotional well-being on growth and health in preschoolers?
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What is the recommended total sleep duration for 2-3 year olds?
What is the recommended total sleep duration for 2-3 year olds?
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Which group of children is more likely to continue napping throughout early childhood?
Which group of children is more likely to continue napping throughout early childhood?
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What is the consequence of inadequate parental control over screen time?
What is the consequence of inadequate parental control over screen time?
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What is the potential outcome of coercing picky eaters to eat healthy food?
What is the potential outcome of coercing picky eaters to eat healthy food?
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How do ordinary childhood illnesses affect physical growth in well-nourished children?
How do ordinary childhood illnesses affect physical growth in well-nourished children?
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What is the recommended sleep intervention for children?
What is the recommended sleep intervention for children?
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What is the effect of extreme emotional deprivation on growth?
What is the effect of extreme emotional deprivation on growth?
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What is the role of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in children's development?
What is the role of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in children's development?
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What is the recommended sleep duration for 4-6 year olds?
What is the recommended sleep duration for 4-6 year olds?
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What is the impact of sleep habits on cognitive performance?
What is the impact of sleep habits on cognitive performance?
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What is the consequence of early treatment with injections of GH or IGF-1 for children's growth?
What is the consequence of early treatment with injections of GH or IGF-1 for children's growth?
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What is a strong predictor of emergent literacy?
What is a strong predictor of emergent literacy?
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What is associated with early reading ability and the ability to comprehend story narratives?
What is associated with early reading ability and the ability to comprehend story narratives?
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Which brain region plays a role in theory of mind development?
Which brain region plays a role in theory of mind development?
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What is advanced in understanding false belief and other aspects of the mind?
What is advanced in understanding false belief and other aspects of the mind?
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What is the ability to inhibit inappropriate responses, think flexibly, and plan?
What is the ability to inhibit inappropriate responses, think flexibly, and plan?
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What is children's active effort to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences?
What is children's active effort to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences?
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At what age do children typically begin to understand the symbolic function of written language?
At what age do children typically begin to understand the symbolic function of written language?
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What is a key factor associated with children's comprehension of story narratives?
What is a key factor associated with children's comprehension of story narratives?
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What is the sequence for mastery of gender constancy according to cognitive developmental theory?
What is the sequence for mastery of gender constancy according to cognitive developmental theory?
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Which child rearing style is characterized by being warm, responsive, and engaging in confrontive behavioral control with reasonable demands for mature behavior?
Which child rearing style is characterized by being warm, responsive, and engaging in confrontive behavioral control with reasonable demands for mature behavior?
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According to gender schema theory, how do young children pick up gender-stereotyped preferences?
According to gender schema theory, how do young children pick up gender-stereotyped preferences?
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What is the effect of child maltreatment prevention through teaching high-risk parents effective child rearing strategies?
What is the effect of child maltreatment prevention through teaching high-risk parents effective child rearing strategies?
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Which child rearing style is characterized by being cold and rejecting, engaging in coercive behavioral control, and making excessive demands for mature behavior?
Which child rearing style is characterized by being cold and rejecting, engaging in coercive behavioral control, and making excessive demands for mature behavior?
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What is the primary focus of gender schema theory in explaining gender role development?
What is the primary focus of gender schema theory in explaining gender role development?
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Which phase of Bowlby's attachment theory involves the development of an internal working model?
Which phase of Bowlby's attachment theory involves the development of an internal working model?
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What is the primary role of authoritative child rearing style?
What is the primary role of authoritative child rearing style?
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According to Piaget, what is the most flexible means of mental representation in early childhood?
According to Piaget, what is the most flexible means of mental representation in early childhood?
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At what age do children typically understand that an object can take on a fictional identity in a pretend game?
At what age do children typically understand that an object can take on a fictional identity in a pretend game?
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According to Vygotsky, what do children learn to follow as they create imaginary situations in make believe play?
According to Vygotsky, what do children learn to follow as they create imaginary situations in make believe play?
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What does sociodramatic play contribute to in preschoolers?
What does sociodramatic play contribute to in preschoolers?
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At what age are children typically able to use models as guides to finding things?
At what age are children typically able to use models as guides to finding things?
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According to Piaget, what leads to internal images of experience which children then label with words?
According to Piaget, what leads to internal images of experience which children then label with words?
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At what age do children typically become detached participants in make believe play?
At what age do children typically become detached participants in make believe play?
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What does Vygotsky consider make believe play to be in terms of cognitive development?
What does Vygotsky consider make believe play to be in terms of cognitive development?
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What does Piaget not regard as the primary ingredient in childhood cognitive change?
What does Piaget not regard as the primary ingredient in childhood cognitive change?
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By the end of the second year, what type of play is under way and increases rapidly in complexity during early childhood?
By the end of the second year, what type of play is under way and increases rapidly in complexity during early childhood?
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What does play contribute to in children's development?
What does play contribute to in children's development?
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What does Piaget believe play detaches from in early childhood?
What does Piaget believe play detaches from in early childhood?
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According to Piaget, what is dual representation?
According to Piaget, what is dual representation?
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What is the term for the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities?
What is the term for the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities?
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What is the term for the inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction?
What is the term for the inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction?
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What does Piaget's class inclusion problem demonstrate?
What does Piaget's class inclusion problem demonstrate?
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What is centration in the context of Piaget's theory?
What is centration in the context of Piaget's theory?
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What is egocentrism according to Piaget?
What is egocentrism according to Piaget?
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What is the term for the idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same even when outward appearance changes?
What is the term for the idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same even when outward appearance changes?
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What is the term for the organization of objects into classes and subclasses based on similarities and differences?
What is the term for the organization of objects into classes and subclasses based on similarities and differences?
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What is the term for the inability to select a picture that shows a situation from another's perspective?
What is the term for the inability to select a picture that shows a situation from another's perspective?
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What is the term for the failure to realize that changes in width compensate for changes in height?
What is the term for the failure to realize that changes in width compensate for changes in height?
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What is magical thinking common during preschool years due to?
What is magical thinking common during preschool years due to?
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What does Piaget's three mountains problem demonstrate about preschoolers?
What does Piaget's three mountains problem demonstrate about preschoolers?
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At what age do children master the meaning of numbers up to 10?
At what age do children master the meaning of numbers up to 10?
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What allows children to rapidly connect new words with their underlying concepts?
What allows children to rapidly connect new words with their underlying concepts?
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What largely consists of observable characteristics in preschoolers' self-concept?
What largely consists of observable characteristics in preschoolers' self-concept?
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What influences prosocial behavior in preschoolers?
What influences prosocial behavior in preschoolers?
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What stage does social development in preschoolers progress through?
What stage does social development in preschoolers progress through?
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What influences early childhood friendships?
What influences early childhood friendships?
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What is evident in young children and influenced by social learning theories of gender identity?
What is evident in young children and influenced by social learning theories of gender identity?
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What comes before self-perceptions in the development of gender identity, according to social learning theories?
What comes before self-perceptions in the development of gender identity, according to social learning theories?
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What allows children to solve simple problems using counting?
What allows children to solve simple problems using counting?
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What largely influences the self-concept of preschoolers?
What largely influences the self-concept of preschoolers?
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What is influential in the development of gender identity in young children?
What is influential in the development of gender identity in young children?
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What is the term for the stage of social development in preschoolers characterized by experiencing self-conscious emotions?
What is the term for the stage of social development in preschoolers characterized by experiencing self-conscious emotions?
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According to Piaget, which type of thinking is common in young children?
According to Piaget, which type of thinking is common in young children?
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In Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, what role does private speech play in cognitive processes?
In Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, what role does private speech play in cognitive processes?
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What is the term for the teaching technique that adjusts support to fit the child's current level of performance?
What is the term for the teaching technique that adjusts support to fit the child's current level of performance?
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Which concept refers to the promotion of cognitive development through social interaction?
Which concept refers to the promotion of cognitive development through social interaction?
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At what age do preschoolers' magical beliefs decline according to the text?
At what age do preschoolers' magical beliefs decline according to the text?
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What does Vygotsky's sociocultural theory stress about cognitive development?
What does Vygotsky's sociocultural theory stress about cognitive development?
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Which technique involves adjusting support to fit the child's current level of performance?
Which technique involves adjusting support to fit the child's current level of performance?
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What is common in young children according to Piaget's view?
What is common in young children according to Piaget's view?
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According to Vygotsky's theory, what is the term for the range of tasks a child can perform with the help of an adult or more capable peer?
According to Vygotsky's theory, what is the term for the range of tasks a child can perform with the help of an adult or more capable peer?
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What is the term for the process of adjusting support to fit the child's current level of performance?
What is the term for the process of adjusting support to fit the child's current level of performance?
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What does Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasize about cognitive development?
What does Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasize about cognitive development?
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What is common in preschoolers' reasoning?
What is common in preschoolers' reasoning?
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What is the most common vision problem in middle childhood?
What is the most common vision problem in middle childhood?
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What percentage of US children are overweight, leading to health problems such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes?
What percentage of US children are overweight, leading to health problems such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes?
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What is the most effective treatment for obesity in middle childhood?
What is the most effective treatment for obesity in middle childhood?
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What is the most likely contributor to nocturnal enuresis in children?
What is the most likely contributor to nocturnal enuresis in children?
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In which region are the tallest children found according to worldwide variations?
In which region are the tallest children found according to worldwide variations?
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What is the most significant change in brain development during middle childhood?
What is the most significant change in brain development during middle childhood?
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What is the primary cause of hearing loss in 3-4% of school-aged children?
What is the primary cause of hearing loss in 3-4% of school-aged children?
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What is the primary factor contributing to refined gross motor skills in middle childhood?
What is the primary factor contributing to refined gross motor skills in middle childhood?
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What is the primary factor contributing to the accumulation of fat in girls by age 9?
What is the primary factor contributing to the accumulation of fat in girls by age 9?
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What is the primary factor contributing to the increase in obesity rates in the last several decades?
What is the primary factor contributing to the increase in obesity rates in the last several decades?
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What is the most effective intervention for treating nocturnal enuresis in children?
What is the most effective intervention for treating nocturnal enuresis in children?
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What is the primary cause of skeletal growing pains in middle childhood?
What is the primary cause of skeletal growing pains in middle childhood?
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At what age does the understanding of the transitive property of equality typically emerge in children's cognitive development?
At what age does the understanding of the transitive property of equality typically emerge in children's cognitive development?
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What is a characteristic of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) according to DSM-5?
What is a characteristic of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) according to DSM-5?
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What is a recognized cause of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
What is a recognized cause of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
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What is the prevalence of autism among children?
What is the prevalence of autism among children?
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Which cognitive theory is associated with autism?
Which cognitive theory is associated with autism?
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What are recognized safe and effective approaches for fostering skills in individuals with ASD?
What are recognized safe and effective approaches for fostering skills in individuals with ASD?
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At what prevalence rate is autism found in males compared to females?
At what prevalence rate is autism found in males compared to females?
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What is a characteristic of spatial reasoning in children by the end of middle childhood?
What is a characteristic of spatial reasoning in children by the end of middle childhood?
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What is a characteristic of children's cognitive development related to classification hierarchies?
What is a characteristic of children's cognitive development related to classification hierarchies?
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What is a key ability developed by children in cognitive development related to seriation?
What is a key ability developed by children in cognitive development related to seriation?
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What is a recognized subtype of Autism Spectrum Disorder according to history?
What is a recognized subtype of Autism Spectrum Disorder according to history?
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What is a characteristic of savant skills in individuals with autism?
What is a characteristic of savant skills in individuals with autism?
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At what gestational age do 90% of infants survive with 10% experiencing moderate to severe disability?
At what gestational age do 90% of infants survive with 10% experiencing moderate to severe disability?
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What percentage of infants discharged alive at 24 weeks experience moderate to severe disability?
What percentage of infants discharged alive at 24 weeks experience moderate to severe disability?
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At what gestational age do the majority of infants discharged alive experience moderate to severe disability?
At what gestational age do the majority of infants discharged alive experience moderate to severe disability?
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Study Notes
Newborn Development and Survival
- Apgar scale assesses a baby's physical condition at birth, rating heart rate, respiratory effort, reflex irritability, muscle tone, and color.
- Birth complications, such as oxygen deprivation, can lead to anoxia and cerebral palsy, with breech position and head injuries increasing risks.
- Preterm and low birth weight infants face challenges like delayed cognitive development and higher mortality rates, especially among African American babies.
- Newborn reflexes, including rooting, eye blink, and sucking, have survival value and gradually disappear within the first 6 months.
- Pregnancy length significantly impacts survival rates, with premature infants facing higher risks of moderate to severe disability.
- Newborns experience five states of arousal, including NREM sleep, REM sleep, drowsiness, quiet alertness, and waking and crying.
- Sensory capacities, like touch and taste, are well developed at birth, with infants using touch to investigate their world and showing preferences for basic tastes.
- Amniotic fluid, rich in taste and smells, influences babies' taste preferences, with exposure during pregnancy or through breast milk impacting their preferences.
- Newborns can react to various smells, with pleasant and unpleasant odors playing a role in helping babies identify others and ensuring survival.
- Newborns can hear a wide variety of sounds, prefer complex sounds, and demonstrate the ability to make distinctions among speech sounds.
- Vision is the least developed sense in newborns, with limited visual acuity and the ability to track moving objects.
- Observation of sleep states and sensory reactions can help identify CNS abnormalities and developmental issues in newborns.
Theories of Child Development and Prenatal Development
- Freud's psychosexual theory emphasizes the crucial role of early parental management in shaping a child's personality.
- Erikson's psychosocial theory builds upon Freud's work, highlighting the ego's positive contribution to development and its role in making individuals active members of society.
- Piaget's constructivist theory focuses on how children adapt and build mental structures through interaction with the environment, involving assimilation and accommodation.
- Piaget's stages of cognitive development include the sensorimotor stage (birth to two years) and the preoperational stage (2-7 years), each characterized by distinct cognitive abilities and advancements.
- Vygotsky's sociocultural theory stresses the importance of social interaction and adult assistance in children's cognitive development and the acquisition of cultural behaviors.
- The ecological systems theory views child development as influenced by multiple levels of the surrounding environment, including the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem.
- Behaviorism focuses on directly observable events and behaviors, with classical conditioning experiments such as Little Albert's fear of rats demonstrating the impact of environmental stimuli on behavior.
- Prenatal development involves the processes of meiosis, gamete formation, fertilization, and the transmission of genetic information through chromosomes and genes.
- Different patterns of genetic inheritance, such as dominant-recessive, incomplete dominance, and X-linked inheritance, can influence the expression of certain traits.
- Prenatal diagnostic methods, including amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, and ultrasound, allow for the detection of developmental problems before birth.
- Socioeconomic status (SES) has significant effects on parental and child functioning, influencing family dynamics, parenting styles, and access to resources.
- Canalization, epigenetics, and heredity play important roles in shaping development by influencing gene expression, adaptive responses to the environment, and the passing of genetic characteristics across generations.
Early Brain Development and Motor Skills
- Various methods such as EEG, fMRI, PET, and near infrared spectroscopy are used to study brain activity and specialization in the cerebral cortex
- The cerebral cortex is responsible for thought, consciousness, and emotion regulation, with two hemispheres that specialize in sequential and integrative information processing
- The brain is highly plastic, allowing for learning and adaptation, but damage to specific regions can lead to permanent loss of function
- Sensitive periods in brain development include experience-expectant and experience-dependent periods, with breastfeeding providing optimal nutrition for brain development
- Malnutrition, such as marasmus and kwashiorkor, can lead to lasting physical and cognitive damage in children
- Infants have the ability to imitate, aided by mirror neurons, and develop reaching and grasping skills in stages
- Motor development in infants is influenced by central nervous system development, body movement capacities, child goals, and environmental support
- Infants develop depth perception and actively search for stable features in their environment through differentiation theory
- The sensorimotor stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is divided into six subsections, each characterized by distinct behaviors and abilities
- Adaptation in cognitive development involves assimilation, accommodation, and organization of new schemes
- Infants build cognitive schemes through direct interaction with the environment, repeating behaviors and actions
- The visual cliff experiment demonstrates how infants develop depth perception and anticipate events through their actions
Child Development and Health
- Early treatment with injections of GH or IGF-1 can help children catch up in growth and then grow at a normal rate
- Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) prompts the release of thyroxine, crucial for brain development and the impact of GH on body size
- Infants born with insufficient thyroxine must receive immediate treatment to avoid intellectual disability
- Emotional well-being can affect growth and health, with stressful home lives leading to more illnesses in preschoolers
- Extreme emotional deprivation can lead to psychosocial dwarfism, a growth disorder appearing between ages 2 and 15
- Sleep habits and problems can significantly impact cognitive performance and overall health, especially for low SES children
- Total sleep declines in early childhood, with 2-3 year olds sleeping 11-12 hours, and 4-6 year olds sleeping 10-11 hours
- Napping remains common among African American, Asian, and Hispanic children throughout early childhood
- Inadequate parental control over screen time is linked to sleep problems and later bedtimes
- Sleep interventions should include parent education about individual differences in children's sleep requirements
- Many children become picky eaters, but coercing them to eat healthy food may lead to less acceptance and more treat consumption
- In well-nourished children, ordinary childhood illnesses have no effect on physical growth, but in undernourished children, disease can interact with malnutrition with severe consequences
Preschoolers' Cognitive Development: Piaget vs Vygotsky
- Piaget's view of preschoolers challenged by follow-up research
- Preschoolers demonstrate effective reasoning in simplified tasks with familiar objects
- Egocentric, animistic, and magical thinking common in young children
- Preschoolers adapt speech to fit the needs of listeners
- Preschoolers' magical beliefs decline between ages 4 and 8
- Vygotsky's sociocultural theory stresses the social context of cognitive development
- Egocentric speech, private speech, and inner speech in Vygotsky's theory
- Zone of proximal development and private speech's role in cognitive processes
- Intersubjectivity and its role in promoting cognitive development through social interaction
- Scaffolding as a teaching technique to adjust support to fit the child's current level of performance
- Guided participation, assisted discovery, and peer collaboration in cognitive development
- Theory of mind development in children, including understanding of false beliefs and desires
Children's Cognitive Development and Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Children become more aware of classification hierarchies and can focus on relations between general and specific categories at the same time
- They develop the ability of seriation, ordering items along quantitative dimensions like length or weight
- Transitive inference, understanding the transitive property of equality, emerges around 7 years, linked to reaching other concrete operational milestones
- Spatial reasoning in children involves understanding of space, cognitive maps, and accurate overall views of large-scale places by the end of middle childhood
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental disorder characterized by language difficulties, social communication issues, and repetitive behaviors
- ASD has a history of distinct subtypes including autism, childhood disintegrative disorder, PDD-NOS, and Asperger syndrome, but is now classified under DSM-5 as Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Characteristics of ASD include difficulties in social communication, restricted repetitive patterns of behavior, sensory issues, and differences in thinking and learning
- Causes of ASD include genetic components, de novo mutations, copy number variants, single nucleotide variants, advanced parental age, and prenatal environmental factors
- Autism prevalence is 1 in 88 children, with an increase in diagnoses and a higher prevalence in males
- Savant skills, exceptional abilities, are more frequent in males with autism and less prevalent in other disorders
- Cognitive theories of autism include the theory of mind hypothesis, executive dysfunction hypothesis, and weak central coherence
- Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) and TEACCH are recognized as safe and effective approaches for fostering a variety of skills in individuals with ASD, focusing on learning principles and educational strategies
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Description
Explore the critical aspects of child development, including newborn reflexes, prenatal development theories, brain development, motor skills, and cognitive development in preschoolers. Learn about the Apgar scale, sensory capacities, brain plasticity, prenatal diagnostic methods, and theories of child development. Understand the impact of emotional well-being, sleep habits, and cognitive performance on children's health.
