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Questions and Answers
What does the rooting reflex involve?
What does the rooting reflex involve?
Which reflex is NOT related to feeding?
Which reflex is NOT related to feeding?
What is the primary response of the sucking reflex?
What is the primary response of the sucking reflex?
How does a baby typically exhibit the rooting reflex?
How does a baby typically exhibit the rooting reflex?
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What is the shape of the posterior fontanel?
What is the shape of the posterior fontanel?
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Which reflex may lead to a baby finding the nipple during feeding?
Which reflex may lead to a baby finding the nipple during feeding?
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What is the width measurement of the posterior fontanel?
What is the width measurement of the posterior fontanel?
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At what age does the posterior fontanel typically close?
At what age does the posterior fontanel typically close?
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What is the primary reflex response when there is a foreign body in the upper respiratory tract?
What is the primary reflex response when there is a foreign body in the upper respiratory tract?
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What is the origin of the posterior fontanel?
What is the origin of the posterior fontanel?
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Which of the following statements about the posterior fontanel is true?
Which of the following statements about the posterior fontanel is true?
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What action does a person typically take when a foreign body approaches their eyelid?
What action does a person typically take when a foreign body approaches their eyelid?
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Which reflex is triggered when foreign body irritates the upper respiratory tract?
Which reflex is triggered when foreign body irritates the upper respiratory tract?
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What is a common protective reflex when light is shined in the eyes?
What is a common protective reflex when light is shined in the eyes?
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When an object is detected in the upper respiratory area, what is the expected bodily response?
When an object is detected in the upper respiratory area, what is the expected bodily response?
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At what age can an infant typically sit without support?
At what age can an infant typically sit without support?
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Which milestone is typically achieved by infants at 9 months?
Which milestone is typically achieved by infants at 9 months?
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What can an infant do by 10-11 months?
What can an infant do by 10-11 months?
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At what age can an infant put his foot in his mouth?
At what age can an infant put his foot in his mouth?
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When does an infant typically start holding his feeding bottle?
When does an infant typically start holding his feeding bottle?
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What is one essential need for toddlers regarding emotional development?
What is one essential need for toddlers regarding emotional development?
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Which of the following is NOT a need for toddlers?
Which of the following is NOT a need for toddlers?
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What is one method to test a person's hearing?
What is one method to test a person's hearing?
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How does the sense of taste compare to the senses of sight and hearing?
How does the sense of taste compare to the senses of sight and hearing?
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What type of nurturing component is essential for a toddler's physical health?
What type of nurturing component is essential for a toddler's physical health?
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Which of these needs contributes to a toddler's overall well-being?
Which of these needs contributes to a toddler's overall well-being?
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What type of flavor does the NBB refuse?
What type of flavor does the NBB refuse?
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Which of the following senses was mentioned as a method for hearing tests?
Which of the following senses was mentioned as a method for hearing tests?
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What does sensory stimulation provide for toddlers?
What does sensory stimulation provide for toddlers?
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What liquid is related to the taste sense described in the content?
What liquid is related to the taste sense described in the content?
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Study Notes
New Born Baby
- A newborn refers to an infant during the first 28 days after birth, including premature, post-mature, and full-term infants.
- Weight: In developed countries, a full-term newborn typically weighs between 2.7-4.6 kg, with an average of 3.4 kg. Weight often decreases by 3-7% in the first 5-7 days due to fluid loss and pre-feeding delays. Healthy term newborns generally gain 10-20 grams per day after the first week.
- Length: Newborn babies typically range in length from 35.6 to 60 cm, with an average of 50 cm for male newborns generally being slightly longer than female newborns.
- Skin: Newborns' skin is usually a dark pink colour, covered in fine, immature hair (lanugo) which may be noticeable on premature and some dark-haired babies. It typically disappears within the first week of life. Some infants are born with full heads of hair while others may be bald or have very fine hair. Fair-skinned newborns may have blonde hair, even if their parents do not. Temporary bruising or swelling around the eyes can also occur. Vernix caseosa, a soft white creamy layer, can cover the skin of premature babies, but this usually disappears in full-term babies. Mongolian spots may be present, and these are dark blue/black spots typically located on the lower back and buttocks of 90% of black, Indian, and East Asian newborns. They usually fade within 1-2 years. Hemangiomas are transient pink marks that may appear on the back of the neck, eyelids, forehead, while milia are small pinhead-sized whitish spots that may appear on the nose, chin, and fade within 1-2 weeks.
- Head Circumference (HC): Typically ranges from 33 to 37 cm. The anterior fontanel is a diamond-shaped bony gap in the skull resulting from incomplete fusion of frontal and parietal bones and usually closes within 15-18 months.. A posterior fontanel is a triangular bony gap that closes within 6-8 weeks. Bulging fontanels might indicate hydrocephalus or rickets.
- Chest Circumference (CC): Typically ranges from 30 to 35 cm. Usually equal to or less than the Head Circumference.
- Muscles: Newborns have full muscle strength, despite being small.
- Nervous System (N.S): The newborn's nervous system is immature, resulting in reflexive responses to stimuli as the neurological system responds. The presence of primitive reflexes indicates normal nervous system function.
Primitive Reflexes
- Motor Reflexes: Moro reflex (startle), grasping reflex, stepping reflex, plantar reflex
- Feeding Reflexes: Rooting reflex, sucking reflex, swallowing reflex
- Protective Reflexes: Sneezing reflex, coughing reflex, blinking reflex, yawing reflex, gagging reflex
Vital Signs
- Temperature: Can be unpredictable, often dropping after birth then increasing, with normal body temperature between 36 and 37.7 degrees Celsius
- Heart Rate: Typically ranges between 120-160 beats per minute. Increases with crying.
- Respiratory Rate: Typically 30-60 breaths per minute, observed through chest and abdominal muscle movements.
Premature Baby
- Definition: A live-born baby aged between 28 and 37 weeks of gestation.
- Somatic Features: Lower weight, shorter length, smaller head circumference, and potentially less subcutaneous fat, resulting in wrinkled skin, thin lower extremities, and a relatively large head in proportion to the body.
- Physiological Features: May exhibit weakness in their body temperature control, breathing, or more difficulty regulating blood pressure. They may show signs of immaturity in their immune response, potentially making them more susceptible to infections. They might exhibit immature liver function, making them vulnerable to disorders that involve certain enzymes. Retrolental fibroplasia (abnormal development in the retina) is a possible complication.
Nursing Care of Premature Baby
- Delivery Room Care: Clear the airway, establish respiration, regulate body temperature, care for umbilical cord and eyes.
- Incubator Care: Maintain the optimal environmental temperature, humidity, oxygen levels, and monitor the baby's vital signs frequently.
Breastfeeding Considerations
- Colostrum: A precursor to breast milk rich in antibodies, essential for the newborn.
- Breastfeeding Technique: Position the newborn correctly to prevent nipple tenderness and support proper latch.
- Frequency: Offer frequent breastfeeding (at least every 2-3 hours).
- Duration: Allow the newborn to feed for at least 10-15 minutes per breast.
Complementary Feeding
- Introduction: Gradually introduce complementary feeds to infants, beginning from the fifth month, in addition to breast milk.
- Preparation and Feeding: Introduce only one new food at a time, and ensure proper cleaning and preparation of food.
Care of Orphan Children
- Establish Basic Needs: Providing a safe, nurturing, and stable environment, including necessities like physical, mental, and social needs and providing a safe identify for the child.
- Prevent Differentiation: Treat all children equally, avoiding any distinctions potentially leading to negative perceptions or feelings of inferiority among children.
- Providing Family/Social Atmosphere: Create supportive relationships and guidance, including teachers who are trained to deal with the emotional/social challenges and can act as a source for information for the child and his family.
- Monitoring Developmental Progress: Continuously observe and monitor the development of each child, seeking guidance from professionals when appropriate.
Growth and Development Needs
- Needs by Child Stage: Essential needs vary with the child's stage of development. For example, physiological needs (such as nutrition, comfort, and sleep) are crucial during infancy, while safety and security is more important during early childhood. Social, emotional, and intellectual needs become prominent later on in life.
Types of Growth and Development
- Physical Growth: Measurement of head circumference, thoracic diameter, weight, height, arm circumference, assessing vital signs (temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure)
- Intellectual Development (Cognitive): Cognitive abilities include problem-solving, reasoning, mental processes, development.
- Social Development: Development of self-concept, friendships, and social skills which entails interacting, responding, and respecting others in groups.
Piaget's Theory
- Sensorimotor (0-2 years): Coordination of senses, motor response, sensory experiences that promote understanding of the world. Infants use language for demands and cataloging. Object permanence develops (understanding that objects still exist even if not visible).
- Preoperational (2-7 years): Symbolic thinking, use of language, imagination and intuition. Complex abstract thoughts are not readily developed. Conservation is emerging, understanding something remains the same even if its appearance changes.
- Concrete Operational (7-11 years): Concepts are attached to concrete situations. Time, space, and quantity are understood. Abstract thought is not yet fully developed. Can perform theoretical and hypothetical reasoning and planning.
- Formal Operational (11+ years): Ability for abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking, understanding concepts in more complex ways.
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
- Oral (0-18 months): Pleasure centers on the mouth (sucking, biting).
- Anal (18-36 months): Pleasure involves bowel and bladder elimination.
- Phallic (3-6 years): Pleasure centers on the genitals.
- Latency (6-puberty): Dormant sexual feelings. Identification of gender and self.
- Genital (puberty onwards): Maturation of sexual interests.
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Stage 1 (0-1 year): Trust vs. Mistrust.
- Stage 2 (1-3 years): Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt.
- Stage 3 (3-6 years): Initiative vs. Guilt.
- Stage 4 (6-11 years): Industry vs. Inferiority.
- Stage 5 (12-18 years): Identity vs. Role Confusion.
- Stage 6 (18-40 years): Intimacy vs. Isolation.
- Stage 7 (40-65 years): Generativity vs. Stagnation.
- Stage 8 (65+ years): Integrity vs. Despair.
6 Signs of Toilet Readiness
- Tugging at wet/dirty diapers
- Hiding to urinate/defecate
- Interest in others using the bathroom.
- Having dry diapers for prolonged periods
- Drying from naps
- Indicating they're going/just went in their diapers
Toddler Problems
- Negativism
- Jealousy
- Temper tantrums
- Tooth decay
- Food dislikes/dislikes
- Vision disturbances.
- Bad language/communication
- Separation anxiety
School Age Problems
- Smoking/alcohol Use
- Exposure to Infectious Diseases
- Dental problems
- Nutrition Issues (Obesity, Anorexia)
- School Phobia
- Behavioral Problems
- Accidents (car accidents, drownings, injuries using weapons)
- Emotional problems
Adolescent Problems
- Acne
- Anemia/Fatigue
- Tiredness
- Accidents
- Masturbation Concerns
- Menstrual Issues
- Neurotic and Psychotic Disorders
- Nutritional Problems (Obesity, Anorexia)
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Description
Discover the essential details about newborn babies in the first 28 days after birth. Learn about their typical weight, length, and skin characteristics. This quiz covers everything you need to know about healthy term newborns and their development.
