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Questions and Answers
What is the function of the macrophage mannose receptor?
What is the function of the macrophage mannose receptor?
What do scavenger receptors primarily bind to?
What do scavenger receptors primarily bind to?
Which opsonin-coated microbes are recognized by specific receptors on leukocytes?
Which opsonin-coated microbes are recognized by specific receptors on leukocytes?
What is the role of macrophage integrins in phagocytosis?
What is the role of macrophage integrins in phagocytosis?
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What contributes to the tissue injury in acute and chronic human diseases?
What contributes to the tissue injury in acute and chronic human diseases?
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What triggers the release of lysosomal enzymes into the extracellular environment?
What triggers the release of lysosomal enzymes into the extracellular environment?
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Which cells are critical in chronic inflammation and tissue repair after inflammation has subsided?
Which cells are critical in chronic inflammation and tissue repair after inflammation has subsided?
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What do some T lymphocytes, especially Th17 cells, produce to induce the secretion of chemokines that recruit other leukocytes?
What do some T lymphocytes, especially Th17 cells, produce to induce the secretion of chemokines that recruit other leukocytes?
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What is produced by macrophages and other cells to terminate the acute inflammatory reaction when it is no longer needed?
What is produced by macrophages and other cells to terminate the acute inflammatory reaction when it is no longer needed?
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What happens to mediators of inflammation after the offending agents are removed?
What happens to mediators of inflammation after the offending agents are removed?
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What actively terminates the acute inflammatory reaction?
What actively terminates the acute inflammatory reaction?
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What triggers a variety of stop signals that actively terminate the inflammatory reaction?
What triggers a variety of stop signals that actively terminate the inflammatory reaction?
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What is an important role played by activated leukocytes in host defense, especially macrophages?
What is an important role played by activated leukocytes in host defense, especially macrophages?
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What does IL-17 induce the secretion of?
What does IL-17 induce the secretion of?
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What happens to neutrophils within several hours after leaving the blood?
What happens to neutrophils within several hours after leaving the blood?
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Which organelle is formed when a particle is enclosed by a phagocyte during phagocytosis?
Which organelle is formed when a particle is enclosed by a phagocyte during phagocytosis?
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What is the main process that occurs in a phagolysosome?
What is the main process that occurs in a phagolysosome?
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Which enzyme in neutrophils converts hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorite?
Which enzyme in neutrophils converts hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorite?
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What is the main function of hypochlorite in microbial destruction?
What is the main function of hypochlorite in microbial destruction?
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Which enzyme is responsible for the production of nitric oxide in activated macrophages?
Which enzyme is responsible for the production of nitric oxide in activated macrophages?
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What reactive free radical is formed when nitric oxide reacts with superoxide radical?
What reactive free radical is formed when nitric oxide reacts with superoxide radical?
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Which antioxidant mechanism protects against damage from reactive oxygen species in phagocytes?
Which antioxidant mechanism protects against damage from reactive oxygen species in phagocytes?
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What is the main role of phagocyte oxidase during phagocytosis?
What is the main role of phagocyte oxidase during phagocytosis?
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Which molecule is considered the active ingredient in household bleach?
Which molecule is considered the active ingredient in household bleach?
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What are the primary agents responsible for the killing of microbes and dead cell debris during phagocytosis?
What are the primary agents responsible for the killing of microbes and dead cell debris during phagocytosis?
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What is the enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorite in neutrophils?
What is the enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorite in neutrophils?
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What contributes to damage microbial cellular components reacting with superoxide radical ?
What contributes to damage microbial cellular components reacting with superoxide radical ?
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What protects against damage from ROS in phagocytes ?
What protects against damage from ROS in phagocytes ?
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Which type of granules in neutrophils contain lysozyme and histaminase?
Which type of granules in neutrophils contain lysozyme and histaminase?
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What is the major inhibitor of neutrophil elastase?
What is the major inhibitor of neutrophil elastase?
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What substances do leukocytes produce during activation that can damage tissues if released into the extracellular space?
What substances do leukocytes produce during activation that can damage tissues if released into the extracellular space?
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What response do neutrophils produce in the presence of pathogens and inflammatory mediators?
What response do neutrophils produce in the presence of pathogens and inflammatory mediators?
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What is the consequence of α1-antitrypsin deficiency in relation to neutrophil elastase activity?
What is the consequence of α1-antitrypsin deficiency in relation to neutrophil elastase activity?
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Which substance prevents uncontrolled elastase activity by regulating leukocyte proteases?
Which substance prevents uncontrolled elastase activity by regulating leukocyte proteases?
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What do neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) consist of?
What do neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) consist of?
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What leads to chromatin decondensation and NET formation in neutrophils?
What leads to chromatin decondensation and NET formation in neutrophils?
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What can nuclear chromatin in NETs be a source of in autoimmune diseases like lupus?
What can nuclear chromatin in NETs be a source of in autoimmune diseases like lupus?
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What enzyme found in azurophil granules can combat bacterial infections by degrading virulence factors?
What enzyme found in azurophil granules can combat bacterial infections by degrading virulence factors?
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What type of granules in neutrophils contain neutrophil elastase?
What type of granules in neutrophils contain neutrophil elastase?
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What is the function of acid hydrolases in neutrophils?
What is the function of acid hydrolases in neutrophils?
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Study Notes
- Neutrophils and macrophages have lysosomal granules for microbial killing, which can cause tissue damage upon release
- Neutrophils have two types of granules: smaller specific granules and larger azurophil granules
- Specific granules contain lysozyme, collagenase, lactoferrin, plasminogen activator, histaminase, and alkaline phosphatase
- Azurophil granules contain neutrophil elastase, MPO, bactericidal proteins, acid hydrolases, and neutral proteases
- Acid hydrolases degrade bacteria and debris in phagolysosomes, while neutral proteases can damage extracellular components and activate complement proteins
- Neutrophil elastase can combat bacterial infections by degrading virulence factors
- Macrophages have similar granule contents, including acid hydrolases, collagenase, elastase, and plasminogen activator
- α1-antitrypsin is the major inhibitor of neutrophil elastase, and its deficiency leads to uncontrolled elastase activity and emphysema
- Alpha-2 macroglobulin is another antiprotease that regulates leukocyte proteases
- Neutrophils produce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in response to pathogens and inflammatory mediators
- NETs consist of a meshwork of chromatin and granule proteins that trap microbes and prevent their spread
- ROS-dependent activation of arginine deaminase leads to chromatin decondensation and NET formation, resulting in neutrophil death
- Nuclear chromatin in NETs may be a source of antigens in autoimmune diseases like lupus.
- Leukocytes can damage normal tissues during defense against microbes, prolonged infections, autoimmune diseases, and allergic reactions
- During activation, leukocytes produce microbicidal substances that can damage tissues if released into the extracellular space.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the lysosomal granules found in neutrophils and macrophages, which contribute to microbial killing and tissue damage. Learn about the specific and azurophil granules and their contents.
