Neutrophils and Macrophages Lysosomal Granules Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the macrophage mannose receptor?

It enhances the efficiency of phagocytosis by binding opsonins

It binds and ingests mammalian glycoproteins and glycolipids

It mediates endocytosis of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles

It recognizes and binds microbial cell walls (correct)

What do scavenger receptors primarily bind to?

Microbial cell walls

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies

Oxidized or acetylated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles (correct)

Mammalian glycoproteins and glycolipids

Which opsonin-coated microbes are recognized by specific receptors on leukocytes?

C3b breakdown product of complement

Mannose-binding lectin and collectins

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies

All of the above (correct)

What is the role of macrophage integrins in phagocytosis?

They bind microbes for phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the tissue injury in acute and chronic human diseases?

Release of lysosomal enzymes into the extracellular environment Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of lysosomal enzymes into the extracellular environment?

Encounter with materials that cannot be easily ingested Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are critical in chronic inflammation and tissue repair after inflammation has subsided?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What do some T lymphocytes, especially Th17 cells, produce to induce the secretion of chemokines that recruit other leukocytes?

Interleukin-17 (IL-17) Signup and view all the answers

What is produced by macrophages and other cells to terminate the acute inflammatory reaction when it is no longer needed?

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to mediators of inflammation after the offending agents are removed?

They are degraded after their release Signup and view all the answers

What actively terminates the acute inflammatory reaction?

Liberation of antiinflammatory cytokines Signup and view all the answers

What triggers a variety of stop signals that actively terminate the inflammatory reaction?

Switch in the type of arachidonic acid metabolite produced Signup and view all the answers

What is an important role played by activated leukocytes in host defense, especially macrophages?

Produce cytokines that limit inflammatory reactions Signup and view all the answers

What does IL-17 induce the secretion of?

Chemokines Signup and view all the answers

What happens to neutrophils within several hours after leaving the blood?

They die by apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is formed when a particle is enclosed by a phagocyte during phagocytosis?

Phagosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the main process that occurs in a phagolysosome?

Destruction of ingested materials Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme in neutrophils converts hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorite?

Myeloperoxidase Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of hypochlorite in microbial destruction?

Halogenation or oxidation of proteins and lipids Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the production of nitric oxide in activated macrophages?

Nitric oxide synthase Signup and view all the answers

What reactive free radical is formed when nitric oxide reacts with superoxide radical?

Peroxynitrite Signup and view all the answers

Which antioxidant mechanism protects against damage from reactive oxygen species in phagocytes?

Superoxide dismutase Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of phagocyte oxidase during phagocytosis?

Production of reactive oxygen species Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is considered the active ingredient in household bleach?

Hypochlorite Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary agents responsible for the killing of microbes and dead cell debris during phagocytosis?

Reactive oxygen species and lysosomal enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorite in neutrophils?

Myeloperoxidase Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to damage microbial cellular components reacting with superoxide radical ?

Peroxynitrite Signup and view all the answers

What protects against damage from ROS in phagocytes ?

Glutathione peroxidase Signup and view all the answers

Which type of granules in neutrophils contain lysozyme and histaminase?

Specific granules Signup and view all the answers

What is the major inhibitor of neutrophil elastase?

α1-antitrypsin Signup and view all the answers

What substances do leukocytes produce during activation that can damage tissues if released into the extracellular space?

Microbicidal substances Signup and view all the answers

What response do neutrophils produce in the presence of pathogens and inflammatory mediators?

Formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of α1-antitrypsin deficiency in relation to neutrophil elastase activity?

Uncontrolled elastase activity and emphysema Signup and view all the answers

Which substance prevents uncontrolled elastase activity by regulating leukocyte proteases?

Alpha-2 macroglobulin Signup and view all the answers

What do neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) consist of?

A meshwork of chromatin and granule proteins Signup and view all the answers

What leads to chromatin decondensation and NET formation in neutrophils?

ROS-dependent activation of arginine deaminase Signup and view all the answers

What can nuclear chromatin in NETs be a source of in autoimmune diseases like lupus?

'Silent' antigens Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme found in azurophil granules can combat bacterial infections by degrading virulence factors?

Neutrophil elastase Signup and view all the answers

What type of granules in neutrophils contain neutrophil elastase?

Azurophil granules Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of acid hydrolases in neutrophils?

Degrading bacteria and debris in phagolysosomes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Neutrophils and macrophages have lysosomal granules for microbial killing, which can cause tissue damage upon release
Neutrophils have two types of granules: smaller specific granules and larger azurophil granules
Specific granules contain lysozyme, collagenase, lactoferrin, plasminogen activator, histaminase, and alkaline phosphatase
Azurophil granules contain neutrophil elastase, MPO, bactericidal proteins, acid hydrolases, and neutral proteases
Acid hydrolases degrade bacteria and debris in phagolysosomes, while neutral proteases can damage extracellular components and activate complement proteins
Neutrophil elastase can combat bacterial infections by degrading virulence factors
Macrophages have similar granule contents, including acid hydrolases, collagenase, elastase, and plasminogen activator
α1-antitrypsin is the major inhibitor of neutrophil elastase, and its deficiency leads to uncontrolled elastase activity and emphysema
Alpha-2 macroglobulin is another antiprotease that regulates leukocyte proteases
Neutrophils produce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in response to pathogens and inflammatory mediators
NETs consist of a meshwork of chromatin and granule proteins that trap microbes and prevent their spread
ROS-dependent activation of arginine deaminase leads to chromatin decondensation and NET formation, resulting in neutrophil death
Nuclear chromatin in NETs may be a source of antigens in autoimmune diseases like lupus.
Leukocytes can damage normal tissues during defense against microbes, prolonged infections, autoimmune diseases, and allergic reactions
During activation, leukocytes produce microbicidal substances that can damage tissues if released into the extracellular space.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the lysosomal granules found in neutrophils and macrophages, which contribute to microbial killing and tissue damage. Learn about the specific and azurophil granules and their contents.