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Questions and Answers
Which neurotransmitter is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is released by the reticular activating system (RAS) in the brain stem and thalamus?
Which neurotransmitter is released by the basalis nucleus and septal nuclei in the frontal lobe?
Which neurotransmitter is involved in Parkinson's disease?
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Which neurotransmitter is released by the hypothalamus and projects to the pituitary gland to control the release of hormones?
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Which neurotransmitter is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord?
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Which neurotransmitter is released by the locus ceruleus in the pons and projects diffusely to the cerebral cortex?
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Which neurotransmitter is released by the raphe nuclei at all levels of the brain stem and projects diffusely to the cerebral cortex?
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What is the primary function of neurotransmitters?
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Which neurotransmitter is released by neurons distributed throughout the brain and spinal cord?
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What is the function of glutamate released by the reticular activating system (RAS) in the brain stem and thalamus?
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Which neurotransmitter is released by the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain and projects diffusely to the cerebral cortex?
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What is the function of dopamine released by the substantia nigra in the midbrain?
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Which neurotransmitter is released by neurons in the hypothalamus and projects diffusely to the cerebral cortex?
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What is the function of GABA in the brain?
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Which neurotransmitter is released by neurons in the spinal cord and has an inhibitory function?
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Neurotransmitters with diffuse projections to the cerebral cortex include which of the following?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in the regulation of hormone release?
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What is the primary function of glutamate released by neurons distributed throughout the nervous system?
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Which of the following brain regions is involved in the regulation of consciousness?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in the regulation of movement?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters is released by neurons in the spinal cord and has an inhibitory function?
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What is the primary function of GABA in the brain?
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Which of the following neurotransmitter systems is involved in the modulation of cognitive and emotional processes?
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Study Notes
Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
- Neurotransmitters are molecules that communicate between neurons and their target cells at chemical synapses.
- Some neurotransmitters are released by neurons distributed widely throughout the nervous system, while others are specific to certain areas.
Widely Distributed Neurotransmitters
- Glutamate: the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system, released by neurons distributed throughout the nervous system.
- GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid): the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, released by neurons distributed throughout the brain.
- Glycene: the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord, released by neurons distributed throughout the spinal cord.
Neurotransmitters with Diffuse Projections
- Glutamate: released by the reticular activating system (RAS) in the brain stem and thalamus, which projects axons diffusely to the cerebral cortex and is required for consciousness.
- Acetylcholine: released by the basalis nucleus and septal nuclei in the frontal lobe, which project diffusely to the cerebral cortex.
- Histamine: released by neurons in the hypothalamus, which project diffusely to the cerebral cortex.
- Norepinephrine: released by the locus ceruleus in the pons, which project diffusely to the cerebral cortex.
- Serotonin: released by the raphe nuclei at all levels of the brain stem, which project diffusely to the cerebral cortex.
- Dopamine: released by the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain, which project diffusely to the cerebral cortex.
Dopamine Projection Systems
- Dopamine: released by the substantia nigra in the midbrain, which projects to the striatum in the basal ganglia and is involved in Parkinson's disease.
- Dopamine: released by the hypothalamus, which projects to the pituitary gland to control the release of hormones.
Neurotransmitters in the Peripheral Nervous System
- Acetylcholine: released by lower motor neurons and the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and is involved in the function of skeletal muscle cells and the ANS.
- Norepinephrine: released by a smaller number of neurons in the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
- Neurotransmitters communicate between neurons and target cells at chemical synapses.
Widely Distributed Neurotransmitters
- Glutamate is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system.
- GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
- Glycene is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord.
Neurotransmitters with Diffuse Projections
- Glutamate is required for consciousness and is released by the reticular activating system (RAS) in the brain stem and thalamus.
- Acetylcholine is released by the basalis nucleus and septal nuclei in the frontal lobe and projects to the cerebral cortex.
- Histamine is released by neurons in the hypothalamus and projects to the cerebral cortex.
- Norepinephrine is released by the locus ceruleus in the pons and projects to the cerebral cortex.
- Serotonin is released by the raphe nuclei at all levels of the brain stem and projects to the cerebral cortex.
- Dopamine is released by the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain and projects to the cerebral cortex.
Dopamine Projection Systems
- Dopamine is involved in Parkinson's disease and is released by the substantia nigra in the midbrain, projecting to the striatum in the basal ganglia.
- Dopamine controls the release of hormones by projecting from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.
Neurotransmitters in the Peripheral Nervous System
- Acetylcholine is involved in the function of skeletal muscle cells and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and is released by lower motor neurons and the ANS.
- Norepinephrine is released by a smaller number of neurons in the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
- Neurotransmitters communicate between neurons and target cells at chemical synapses.
Widely Distributed Neurotransmitters
- Glutamate is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system.
- GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
- Glycene is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord.
Neurotransmitters with Diffuse Projections
- Glutamate is required for consciousness and is released by the reticular activating system (RAS) in the brain stem and thalamus.
- Acetylcholine is released by the basalis nucleus and septal nuclei in the frontal lobe and projects to the cerebral cortex.
- Histamine is released by neurons in the hypothalamus and projects to the cerebral cortex.
- Norepinephrine is released by the locus ceruleus in the pons and projects to the cerebral cortex.
- Serotonin is released by the raphe nuclei at all levels of the brain stem and projects to the cerebral cortex.
- Dopamine is released by the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain and projects to the cerebral cortex.
Dopamine Projection Systems
- Dopamine is involved in Parkinson's disease and is released by the substantia nigra in the midbrain, projecting to the striatum in the basal ganglia.
- Dopamine controls the release of hormones by projecting from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.
Neurotransmitters in the Peripheral Nervous System
- Acetylcholine is involved in the function of skeletal muscle cells and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and is released by lower motor neurons and the ANS.
- Norepinephrine is released by a smaller number of neurons in the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
- Neurotransmitters communicate between neurons and target cells at chemical synapses.
Widely Distributed Neurotransmitters
- Glutamate is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system.
- GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
- Glycene is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord.
Neurotransmitters with Diffuse Projections
- Glutamate is required for consciousness and is released by the reticular activating system (RAS) in the brain stem and thalamus.
- Acetylcholine is released by the basalis nucleus and septal nuclei in the frontal lobe and projects to the cerebral cortex.
- Histamine is released by neurons in the hypothalamus and projects to the cerebral cortex.
- Norepinephrine is released by the locus ceruleus in the pons and projects to the cerebral cortex.
- Serotonin is released by the raphe nuclei at all levels of the brain stem and projects to the cerebral cortex.
- Dopamine is released by the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain and projects to the cerebral cortex.
Dopamine Projection Systems
- Dopamine is involved in Parkinson's disease and is released by the substantia nigra in the midbrain, projecting to the striatum in the basal ganglia.
- Dopamine controls the release of hormones by projecting from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.
Neurotransmitters in the Peripheral Nervous System
- Acetylcholine is involved in the function of skeletal muscle cells and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and is released by lower motor neurons and the ANS.
- Norepinephrine is released by a smaller number of neurons in the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
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Description
Learn about the different types of neurotransmitters, their roles in the nervous system, and how they communicate between neurons and their target cells.
