Neurotransmitters and Neural Communication
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?

  • To protect the axon from the action potential
  • To increase the resting potential of a neuron
  • To transmit information from one cell to another (correct)
  • To insulate the axon from stimuli

    • Which type of neurotransmitters increases the polarization of the postsynaptic membrane?

  • Excitatory
  • Synaptic
  • Modulating
  • Inhibitory (correct)

    • What is a possible consequence of having excessive levels of glutamate?

  • Sleeplessness and aggression
  • Schizophrenia
  • Tingling and numbness (correct)
  • Depression or anxiety

    • What is a possible consequence of having excessive levels of dopamine?

    <p>Schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of having insufficient serotonin in the brain?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do inhibitory neurotransmitters do to the membrane?

    <p>Increase its polarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?

    <p>To transmit information from one cell to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of glutamate on neurons?

    <p>It excites most neurons in the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is involved in learning and memory?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of MSG on the brain?

    <p>Activates glutamate receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the experience of pleasure?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do narcotics mimic in the brain?

    <p>Endorphins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an action potential?

    <p>'All-or-none'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of a panic attack?

    <p>Activation of the sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major subdivision of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord?

    <p>Central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a drug that boosts memory and learning capacity?

    <p>Increases acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a graded potential?

    <p>Cumulative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Regulation of internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the brain is involved in heartbeat, circulation, and respiration?

    <p>medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the limbic system?

    <p>sound localization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with damage to the basal ganglia?

    <p>Parkinson's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex?

    <p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the areas of the cerebral cortex that process raw sensory stimuli?

    <p>Primary areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hemisphere is primarily involved in non-speech based information processing?

    <p>Right hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the amygdala?

    <p>Approach behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hindbrain?

    <p>Controlling heartbeat and respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the limbic system?

    <p>Sound localization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of emotions and lateralization?

    <p>Positive feelings are associated with the right temporal regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system is responsible for conveying sensory information to the central nervous system and sending motor messages?

    <p>Somatic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Preparing the body in response to threat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Somatic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Basic life processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system operate?

    <p>They operate in reciprocal fashion to ready the body for flight or fight and then return the body to an even state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Maintaining the body's store of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of each segment of the spinal cord?

    <p>Relaying information to and from different parts of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tectum?

    <p>Orienting towards sound or visual events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary actions such as reflexes?

    <p>Autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the central nervous system?

    <p>Processing and integrating sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in the brain structure of rats raised in enriched versus impoverished environments?

    <p>The enriched environment increased the weight of a rat's forebrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the amygdala?

    <p>Emotional processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely cause of difficulty recognizing sarcastic or ironic comments?

    <p>Damage to the basal ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brain region is primarily responsible for controlling movements once we learn a piano piece well?

    <p>Basal ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Wernicke's aphasia?

    <p>Word salad: words are tossed together so they make little sense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two brain regions are primarily used when two individuals are having a conversation?

    <p>Broca's area and Wernicke's area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the case of Phineas Gage?

    <p>His extreme personality changes provide evidence for a connection between the frontal lobes and personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Broca's area and Wernicke's area?

    <p>Broca's area is responsible for speech production, while Wernicke's area is responsible for language comprehension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of basal ganglia damage?

    <p>Difficulty in making rapid, automatic judgments about how to classify or understand the meaning of things</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Wernicke's area?

    <p>Language comprehension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of a split-brain operation on the brain's hemispheres?

    <p>The two hemispheres act independently, with no communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hypothalamus?

    <p>Homoeostasis, keeping vital processes within a narrow range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of experiments with rats in enriched or impoverished environments?

    <p>Environment can affect the brain structurally, with enriched environments leading to heavier forebrains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is influenced by genetic factors?

    <p>All of the options listed, including vocational interests, job satisfaction, and likelihood of divorce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a heritability coefficient of 50 percent mean?

    <p>50 percent of the variability is due to heredity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cutting the corpus callosum in a split-brain operation?

    <p>The two hemispheres act independently, without communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamus in maintaining vital processes?

    <p>Keeping vital processes such as body temperature and blood sugar within a narrow range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of raising rats in enriched environments?

    <p>Rats have heavier forebrains and are more intelligent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of genetic factors in influencing behavior?

    <p>Genetic factors influence vocational interests, level of job satisfaction, and likelihood of divorce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a heritability coefficient measure?

    <p>The extent to which variation in a trait is due to genetic variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neurotransmitters

    • Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit information from one cell to another
    • They are responsible for communication between neurons

    Types of Neurotransmitters

    • Inhibitory neurotransmitters (e.g. GABA) hyperpolarize the membrane, reducing the likelihood of an action potential
    • Excitatory neurotransmitters (e.g. glutamate) increase the polarization of the postsynaptic membrane
    • Glutamate can produce feelings of tingling and numbness
    • Dopamine is involved in emotional arousal, pleasure, and reward learning
    • Serotonin is involved in regulation of mood, and low levels are associated with depression
    • Acetylcholine is involved in learning and memory

    Action Potential

    • Occurs when the membrane is depolarized from its resting state of -70mV to about -50mV
    • Has an all-or-none quality, unlike graded potentials

    Nervous System

    • The autonomic nervous system is involved in basic life processes such as digestion and respiration
    • The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for response to threat (e.g. fight-or-flight response)
    • The parasympathetic nervous system returns the body to a calm state after a threat has passed
    • The somatic nervous system is involved in conveying sensory information to the central nervous system and sending motor messages

    Brain Structures and Functions

    • The medulla oblongata is involved in controlling essential functions such as heartbeat, circulation, and respiration
    • The tectum is involved in orienting towards sound or visual events
    • The limbic system is involved in emotion, motivation, learning, and memory
    • The basal ganglia are involved in movement and judgment
    • The amygdala is involved in emotional processes, especially fear responses
    • The cerebral cortex is involved in creating sequences of voluntary movements, making subtle discriminations among complex sensory patterns, and symbolic thinking
    • The right hemisphere is involved in non-speech based information processing, such as forming visual maps, recognizing faces, and recognizing music

    Emotions and Lateralization

    • The left hemisphere is involved in processing positive emotions
    • The right hemisphere is involved in processing negative emotions

    Brain Development and Plasticity

    • The brain can change in response to experience and environment
    • Enriched environments can lead to increased growth and complexity of the brain
    • Damage to certain brain structures can lead to specific cognitive and emotional impairments

    Language and Cognition

    • Broca's area and Wernicke's area are involved in language processing

    • Damage to these areas can lead to aphasias, or language processing impairments

    • The case of Phineas Gage highlights the importance of the frontal lobes in personality and impulse control### Heritability Studies

    • Heritability studies show that identical twins have similar:

      • Vocational interests
      • Levels of job satisfaction
      • Religious attitudes
      • Level of divorce (influenced by personality factors)

    • These similarities point to the role of genetic factors in influencing behavior

    Heritability Coefficient

    • A heritability coefficient measures the extent to which variation in a trait across individuals is accountable for by genetic variation
    • The coefficient ranges from 0 (no heritability) to 1.0 (the trait is completely heritable)
    • A coefficient of 50% means that 50% of the variability in a trait is due to heredity

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    Description

    This quiz tests your understanding of neurotransmitters and their role in neural communication. It covers the function of neurotransmitters and their importance in transmitting information between neurons.

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