Neural Communication and Receptor Types
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Neural Communication and Receptor Types

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of receptors in neural communication?

  • To transport neurotransmitters across the synapse
  • To bind neurotransmitters and initiate a cellular response (correct)
  • To decompose neurotransmitters into inactive forms
  • To generate action potentials within the neuron

    • Which neurotransmitter is often associated with inhibitory functions?

  • GABA (correct)
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
  • Glutamate

    • What occurs when an action potential reaches the axon terminal?

  • The neuron undergoes apoptosis
  • Ions are absorbed back into the axon
  • Dendrites generate new receptors
  • Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse (correct)

    • Which of the following neurotransmitter systems is most directly involved in mood regulation?

    <p>Serotonin system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neurotransmitters achieve their effects on target cells?

    <p>By binding to receptors and altering ion channel permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does dopamine NOT play in the brain's functions?

    <p>Recovery from stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes norepinephrine?

    <p>It is both a hormone and a neurotransmitter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the VTA (DA) neurons respond to unexpected rewards?

    <p>They fire initially for unexpected rewards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of propranolol as it relates to PTSD?

    <p>It acts as a norepinephrine receptor antagonist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is most closely linked to the effects of stress and emotion enhancement in memory?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a function associated with serotonin?

    <p>Development of PTSD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SSRIs impact serotonin levels primarily by affecting what?

    <p>Blocking serotonin adsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of serotonin receptors?

    <p>Almost all are metabotropic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ion channel is associated with ligand-gated receptors?

    <p>Ionotropic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of metabotropic receptors compared to ionotropic receptors?

    <p>They operate slower and have longer-lasting effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of neurotransmitter clean-up?

    <p>Storage in vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is an antagonist of glutamate?

    <p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of postsynaptic effect do excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate generally produce?

    <p>Depolarization (EPSPs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many primary types of glutamate receptors are identified?

    <p>Three ionotropic types and eight metabotropic types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of effect do ionotropic receptors produce?

    <p>Fast and transient effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of GABA in the brain?

    <p>Inhibitory neurotransmitter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances are classified as GABA agonists?

    <p>Chloroform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is not a catecholamine?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the brain is dopamine primarily produced?

    <p>Tegementum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about dopamine receptors is true?

    <p>Dopamine receptors can be both positive and negative modulatory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the conclusion of Olds and Milner's research regarding dopamine?

    <p>Dopamine is related to pleasure and motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do addictive drugs influence dopamine transmission?

    <p>They indirectly enhance dopamine transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding metabotropic receptors is accurate?

    <p>They modulate neurotransmitter activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of SSRIs like Prozac?

    <p>Block serotonin from being reabsorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was found about the efficacy of SSRIs in treating mild to moderate depression?

    <p>SSRIs have no better effect than placebos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with wakefulness and attention?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of endocannabinoids in neurotransmission?

    <p>Weaken connections between two cells at a synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is known to be a cannabinoid receptor agonist?

    <p>THC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are endogenous opioids also known as?

    <p>Endorphins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is notable about adenosine?

    <p>It is a byproduct of ATP metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What implication is suggested about psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin?

    <p>They can lead to radical changes in perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Neural Communication Between Cells

    • Neurons communicate via synapses.
    • Axon terminals contain vesicles filled with neurotransmitters.
    • Action potentials trigger neurotransmitter release into the synapse.
    • Dendrites contain receptors that bind to neurotransmitters.

    Receptor Types

    • Ionotropic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that open when neurotransmitters bind.
      • They produce fast, transient effects.
      • They can be excitatory (depolarizing) or inhibitory (hyperpolarizing).
    • Metabotropic receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors that modulate cell signalling.
      • They have slower, longer-lasting effects.
      • They activate signal cascades.

    Receptor Locations

    • Postsynaptic receptors are located on the postsynaptic cell.
    • Presynaptic receptors are located on the presynaptic cell.
      • Autoreceptors regulate the release of the same neurotransmitter.
      • Heteroreceptors regulate the release of a different neurotransmitter.

    Neurotransmitter Clean-up

    • Diffusion: Neurotransmitters diffuse away from the synapse.
    • Enzymatic degradation: Enzymes break down neurotransmitters.
    • Re-uptake: Neurotransmitters are transported back into the presynaptic cell or glial cells (e.g., astrocytes).

    Drug Action

    • Agonists mimic the effects of neurotransmitters by binding to receptors.
    • Antagonists block the effects of neurotransmitters by binding to receptors.
    • Other drug actions include:
      • Transporter blockers prevent reuptake of neurotransmitters.
      • Reuptake inhibitors block the reuptake of neurotransmitters.
      • Enzyme inhibitors block the breakdown of neurotransmitters.

    Amino Acid Neurotransmitters

    • Glutamate: The primary excitatory neurotransmitter.
      • Involved in learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity.
      • Receptors include AMPAR, NMDAR, Kainate receptors, and mGluR 1–8.
    • GABA: The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter.
      • Involved in anxiety reduction, sleep, and motor control.
      • Receptors include both ionotropic and metabotropic types.

    Monoamine Neurotransmitters

    • Dopamine (DA):
      • Originates in the substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area.
      • Involved in movement, motivation, reward, and attention.
      • Five receptor subtypes (D1R-D5R / D1-D5) are all metabotropic.
      • NOT the “pleasure molecule.”
    • Norepinephrine (NE):
      • Also known as noradrenaline.
      • Originates in the locus coeruleus.
      • Involved in arousal, attention, and memory.
      • Plays a role in stress responses.
      • Two main receptor types (⍺1-2, β1-3) with subtypes and sub-subtypes are all metabotropic (GPCRs).
    • Serotonin (5-HT):
      • Originates in the raphe nuclei.
      • Involved in mood, sleep, appetite, and cognition.
      • Fifteen receptor subtypes, almost all metabotropic.
      • NOT simply the “mood molecule.”

    Other Small Neurotransmitters

    • Acetylcholine:
      • The first discovered neurotransmitter.
      • Involved in muscle contraction, learning, and memory.
    • Endocannabinoids:
      • Two neurotransmitters (anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol).
      • Involved in pain perception, appetite, and mood.
      • Two receptors (CB1 and CB2) are both GPCRs.
    • Adenosine:
      • A byproduct of ATP.
      • Involved in sleep, wakefulness, and energy metabolism.
    • Endogenous Opioids:
      • Also known as endorphins.
      • Giant peptide neurotransmitters involved in pain perception, reward, and mood.
      • Receptors are all GPCRs.

    Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Systems

    • Glutamate antagonists:
      • Barbiturates
      • Nitrous oxide
      • Ketamine
      • Ethanol
    • GABA agonists:
      • Benzodiazepines
      • Ethanol
      • Chloroform
      • Ether
    • Dopamine drugs:
      • Addictive drugs increase dopamine transmission.
    • Norepinephrine antagonists:
      • Propranolol (beta blocker) is used in PTSD treatment.
    • Serotonin agonists:
      • Hallucinogens (LSD, DMT, psilocybin) affect perception and thoughts.
      • SSRIs (e.g., Prozac) are used for depression by blocking serotonin reuptake.
    • Acetylcholine agonists:
      • Nicotine
    • Endocannabinoid agonists:
      • THC (cannabis)
    • Endogenous opioid agonists:
      • Heroin
      • Fentanyl
      • Naloxone (antagonist)

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of neural communication between cells. This quiz covers key concepts such as neurotransmitter release, types of receptors, and their functions in synaptic transmission. Test your knowledge on ionotropic and metabotropic receptors as well as their locations.

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