Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine & Glutamate
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Questions and Answers

Which NMDA receptor subtype exhibits the highest sensitivity to glycine, based on the provided information?

  • GluN1/2B
  • GluN1/2A
  • GluN1/2C (correct)
  • GluN1/2D

Based on the data presented, which NMDA receptor subtype exhibits the largest current amplitude when stimulated with 100 μM glutamate and 30 μM glycine?

  • GluN1/2D
  • GluN1/2C
  • GluN1/2A
  • GluN1/2B (correct)

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the Mg2+ dependence of NMDA receptor opening?

  • All NMDA receptor subtypes exhibit similar sensitivity to Mg2+.
  • GluN1/2B and GluN1/2D receptors show the strongest Mg2+ sensitivity, blocking NMDA receptor activity at lower Mg2+ concentrations. (correct)
  • GluN1/2A and GluN1/2C receptors are the most sensitive to Mg2+ block.
  • Mg2+ blocks NMDA receptor channel opening in a subtype-independent manner.

Which of the following symptoms is not typically associated with excessive use of antimuscarinic drugs?

<p>Bradycardia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the glutamate sensitivity of NMDA receptors based on the presented information?

<p>GluN1/2C and GluN1/2D exhibit similar glutamate sensitivities as indicated by evoked current amplitude. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main type of neurotransmitter affected by antimuscarinic drugs?

<p>Acetylcholine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the patient's cognitive decline described in the case study?

<p>Progressive decline in both cognitive and functional abilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the observed differences in the glutamate and glycine sensitivities of different NMDA receptor subtypes?

<p>The different subtypes have distinct amino acid sequences within their ligand-binding domains. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a contributing factor to the patient's cognitive decline in the case study?

<p>Family history of dementia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score typically used to assess?

<p>Overall cognitive function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a plausible neurological explanation for the patient's observed ideomotor apraxia?

<p>Damage to the frontal cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, which of the following is MOST likely the underlying diagnosis for the patient's cognitive decline?

<p>Alzheimer's Disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the mention of the patient's 'fluent speech without semantic deficits' suggest about her cognitive status?

<p>Her language abilities are completely intact. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of early onset Alzheimer's Disease?

<p>Strong family history of Alzheimer's Disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case study, the patient’s inability to turn off the stove and assist in boat docking suggests a decline in:

<p>Procedural memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What purpose does acetylcholine serve at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?

<p>To stimulate muscle contractions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of choline used in acetylcholine synthesis?

<p>Fats in diet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing acetylcholine?

<p>Choline acetyltransferase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to acetylcholine after it has acted on postsynaptic receptors?

<p>It is degraded by acetylcholine esterases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptors are cholinergic receptors classified into?

<p>Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does choline acetyltransferase have specifically in cholinergic neurons?

<p>Synthesizing acetylcholine from acetyl CoA and choline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom might indicate a condition related to acetylcholine dysfunction?

<p>Droopy eyelids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the subunit composition of nicotinic receptors in muscle cells?

<p>(α1)2(β1)(γ)(δ or ε) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance can be described as a prototypical muscarinic antagonist?

<p>Atropine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does Botox have on facial muscles to remove wrinkles?

<p>Inhibits ACh release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of neuropharmacology, which combination of agonist and antagonist is correctly matched?

<p>Nicotine - curare (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of edrophonium (neostigmine test) in diagnosing Myasthenia gravis?

<p>It enhances neuromuscular transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding muscarinic antagonist effects?

<p>They are derived from the belladonna plant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor type is primarily responsible for Na+ and K+ permeability?

<p>Nicotinic receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary danger associated with belladonna ingestion?

<p>Cardiac arrest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT associated with the action of ACh at the neuromuscular junction?

<p>Inhibition of muscle fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors do conventional NMDA receptors consist of?

<p>2 GluN1 subunits and 2 GluN2 subunits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding unconventional NMDA receptors?

<p>They may incorporate GluN3 subunits alongside either GluN1 or GluN2 subunits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Lewy Body pathology noted in the amygdala?

<p>It is associated with neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of di-heteromeric NMDA receptors?

<p>They incorporate one type of GluN1 and one type of GluN2 subunit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substantiates the activation of NMDA receptors?

<p>Calcium influx along with sodium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does ketamine play concerning NMDA receptors?

<p>It serves as an antagonist of NMDA receptors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of pathology characterized the autopsy findings in the discussed case?

<p>Numerous plaques and tangles with congophilic amyloid angiopathy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable subtype present in glycine-binding NMDA receptors?

<p>GluN3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter primarily activates AMPA receptors?

<p>Glutamate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique was used for confirming the diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease in the discussed case?

<p>Autopsy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A neurotransmitter synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A, essential for muscle contractions and brain function.

Choline Acetyltransferase

The enzyme responsible for combining choline and acetyl coenzyme A into acetylcholine, found only in cholinergic neurons.

Nicotinic ACh Receptor

A type of cholinergic receptor that is activated by nicotine. It plays a role in muscle contraction and the brain.

Muscarinic ACh Receptor

A type of cholinergic receptor that is activated by muscarine. It plays a role in regulating smooth muscle, glands, and the heart.

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Acetylcholine Degradation

The process of breaking down acetylcholine into choline and acetate, performed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.

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Cholinergic Pathway

The specific pathway in the nervous system where acetylcholine is used as a neurotransmitter.

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Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

The enzyme responsible for breaking down acetylcholine into choline and acetate, ensuring the signal is brief and precise.

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Agonist

A chemical that binds to a receptor and activates it, mimicking the action of the natural ligand.

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Antagonist

A chemical that binds to a receptor and blocks the action of the natural ligand, preventing activation.

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Curare

A poison that blocks ACh receptors, preventing muscle contraction and leading to paralysis.

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Atropine

An antagonist of muscarinic ACh receptors, blocking their activation and leading to effects like dilated pupils, increased heart rate, and decreased salivation.

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Muscle nicotinic receptor

A subtype of nicotinic ACh receptors, primarily found in muscle cells. They are composed of two alpha-1 subunits, one beta-1 subunit, one gamma subunit, and one delta or epsilon subunit.

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Neuronal nicotinic receptor

A subtype of nicotinic ACh receptors, primarily found in neurons. They are composed of two alpha-4 subunits and three beta-2 subunits.

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Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor

A subtype of nicotinic ACh receptors, composed of five alpha-7 subunits. They are primarily involved in learning and memory.

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Glutamate

A neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory.

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Glutamate Synthesis

The process by which glutamate is created in the brain.

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Glutamate Inactivation

The process by which glutamate is removed from the synapse.

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Glutamatergic Transmission

The transmission of nerve impulses using glutamate as the neurotransmitter.

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iGluR Subunits

The different components that make up glutamate receptors.

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Glutamate Receptor Types

Types of glutamate receptors: NMDA, AMPA, and Kainate.

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NMDA Receptor (NMDAR)

A glutamate receptor that plays a crucial role in learning and memory.

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Ketamine

A drug that blocks NMDA receptors, potentially affecting learning and memory.

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Conventional NMDA Receptor

A type of NMDA receptor containing two GluN1 and two GluN2 subunits.

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Unconventional NMDA Receptor

A type of NMDA receptor incorporating GluN3 subunits in addition to GluN1 or GluN2.

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Anticholinergic Side Effects

Excessive use of anticholinergic drugs can cause cognitive impairment, delirium, tachycardia, and other autonomic problems.

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Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease

A neurodegenerative disease that causes memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes, often starting in middle age.

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Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)

A standardized test that assesses cognitive function, including orientation, memory, language, and visuospatial abilities.

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Verbal Fluency

The ability to generate words within a specific category, often used as an indicator of cognitive function and language skills.

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Ideomotor Apraxia

Impaired ability to perform motor tasks on command, suggesting a problem with planning or executing movements.

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Cognitive Decline

A decline in cognitive function, characterized by difficulties with memory, thinking, and problem-solving.

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Subunit-Specific Sensitivity of GluN1/N2 receptors

The sensitivity of GluN1/N2 receptors to glutamate (Glu) and glycine (Gly) varies depending on the specific subunit combination. For example, GluN1/2A receptors have a different sensitivity profile compared to GluN1/2C receptors.

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GluN1/N2 Receptor Sensitivity to Glycine and Glutamate

GluN1/N2 receptors containing different subunit combinations exhibit distinct sensitivity to glycine (Gly) and glutamate (Glu). This means that the amount of each neurotransmitter required to activate the receptor varies depending on the specific subunit composition.

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Procedural Memory

A type of memory that involves remembering how to perform a task or procedure.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of brain structures.

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Mg2+ Dependence of NMDA Receptor Opening

The opening of NMDA receptors is influenced by the presence of magnesium (Mg2+) ions. At resting membrane potentials, Mg2+ blocks the channel, preventing ion flow. However, when the neuron is depolarized, Mg2+ is removed from the channel, allowing for ion flow.

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Differential Mg2+ Sensitivity of NMDA Receptor Subtypes

Different NMDA receptor subtypes exhibit varying sensitivity to Mg2+ block. GluN1/2A receptors, for instance, are more sensitive to Mg2+ than GluN1/2B receptors, suggesting differences in their role under different conditions.

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Clinical Presentation

A group of symptoms that occur together, often indicating a particular disease or condition.

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NMDA Receptor Subtypes & Synaptic Plasticity

NMDA receptors are a critical component of synaptic plasticity. The differential sensitivity to glycine, glutamate, and Mg2+ observed across NMDA receptor subtypes contributes to the diverse roles of these receptors in neuronal function and plasticity.

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Study Notes

Acetylcholine & Glutamate

  • The study covers acetylcholine and glutamate, neurotransmitters involved in various brain functions including memory and sleep.
  • Myasthenia gravis, a neuromuscular disorder, was introduced, along with its symptoms and causes.
  • The synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) from choline and acetyl coenzyme A was discussed, including the role of choline acetyltransferase and the distribution of ACh in the brain.
  • ACh pathways and receptors were explored. Agonists and antagonists of ACh were also included.
  • Alzheimer's disease was introduced and its symptoms, treatment, and diagnosis were detailed.
  • Glutamate's synthesis, termination of action, and various receptor types were presented.
  • NMDA receptors, their subunit expression, and function were discussed.
  • Botox, a botulinum toxin, can inhibit acetylcholine release and is used cosmetically to reverse the aging effect of wrinkles.
  • The roles and mechanisms of different types of muscarinic ACh receptors were detailed.
  • Characteristics and examples of specific drugs that impact cholinergic transmission were provided.
  • Different types of NMDA receptors, including conventional and unconventional types, were outlined with the receptor subtypes' expression and sensitivity to magnesium.
  • The effects of glycine and different types of agonists and antagonists on NMDA receptors were explained.

Case Studies

  • Case studies were included to illustrate Myasthenia Gravis and Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease, detailing symptoms and diagnoses, including testing methods like antibody testing (acetylcholine receptor antibodies), electromyography, and Neostagmine (edrophonium) tests.
  • Patient presentations, diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic interventions in these diseases were discussed.

Learning Outcomes

  • The learning objectives for the course were presented detailing expectations. These outcomes cover various parts of the nervous and neurochemical systems including learning about myasthenia gravis, acetylcholine, and glutamate-related topics.

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Acetylcholine & Glutamate PDF

Description

This quiz delves into the functions and significance of neurotransmitters acetylcholine and glutamate in the brain. It covers their synthesis, pathways, and roles in conditions like Alzheimer's disease and myasthenia gravis. Additionally, it discusses NMDA receptors and the effects of botulinum toxin on neurotransmitter release.

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