29 Questions
Where are serotonergic neurons located?
Pons - raphe nucleus
Which enzyme acts on Norepinephrine to produce serotonin?
Phenylethanolamine N-methyl-transferase (PNMT)
What are the functions of serotonin in the brain?
Appetite regulation
Which neurotransmitter is most frequently used in the central nervous system as an excitatory neurotransmitter?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Which receptor will open when glutamate is present and the postsynaptic membrane is depolarized?
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor
What is the main characteristic of ionotropic receptors?
They induce a fast reaction to neurotransmitters
What is the role of autoreceptors in neurotransmission?
Inhibit synthesis and release of neurotransmitter
What is the function of G proteins in metabotropic receptors?
Indirectly influence neuron activities through second messengers
What happens when a neurotransmitter binds to a metabotropic receptor?
Synthesis of second messenger is triggered
Which type of receptor leads to graded depolarization in the cell?
Ionotropic receptors
What is the role of second messengers in neurotransmission?
Interact with various parts of the cell after being activated by synaptic activity
What type of neurotransmitter operates slower than excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters?
Modulatory neurotransmitter
Which type of neurotransmitter is known to be synthesized in the presynaptic terminal and has a fast effect on adjacent receptors?
Small-molecule transmitter
Neuromodulation takes place over what duration of time?
Minutes
Which neurotransmitter is linked with symptoms like increased salivation, muscle weakening, blurred vision, and paralysis?
ACh
What distinguishes monoamines from small-molecule transmitters in terms of vesicle recycling?
Monoamines have vesicles that are not recycled
What is required for the release of monoamines from the synaptic gap?
Single action potential
What is the main difference between the activation of ionotropic receptors and metabotropic receptors?
Metabotropic effects can last longer than ionotropic effects.
Where does inhibitory input predominantly occur within a neuron?
Synapse of the cell body
What happens when excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) reach the axon hillock?
They trigger an Action Potential.
What is the process by which neurotransmitter molecules are deactivated in the synapse?
Deactivating Enzyme
Which mechanism involves repeated excitation from one active synapse evoking a cumulative effect over time?
Temporal Summation
In which part of a neuron is excitatory input mostly found?
Dendrites
Which enzyme acts on Dopamine to produce Norepinephrine?
Dopamine hydroxylase
Excessive sweating, high blood pressure, and anxiety are associated with increased levels of which neurotransmitter?
Norepinephrine
Which location is primarily associated with the neurotransmitter Serotonin?
Pons
Which neurotransmitter is a building block for adrenaline and is produced from Tryptophan?
Serotonin
Low energy levels, lack of concentration, and contributing to depressive feelings are symptoms associated with decreased levels of which neurotransmitter?
Norepinephrine
Which step in the production of Serotonin involves the action of the enzyme 5 HTP decarboxylase?
Step 2: 5 HTP decarboxylase acting on 5 HTP
Test your knowledge on how neurotransmitters bind to receptors, open ion channels, and create temporary hyperpolarization. Learn about the metabotropic effects that can last longer than ionotropic receptors, excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, and the termination of chemical signals through diffusion.
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