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Questions and Answers
Which division of the nervous system carries sensory information to the CNS?
Which division of the nervous system carries sensory information to the CNS?
Which glial cells help in forming the blood-brain barrier?
Which glial cells help in forming the blood-brain barrier?
Which type of neuron is responsible for myelination in the peripheral nervous system?
Which type of neuron is responsible for myelination in the peripheral nervous system?
Where are neurotransmitters produced in a neuron?
Where are neurotransmitters produced in a neuron?
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Which type of transport is responsible for moving neurotransmitters from the cell body to the nerve ending?
Which type of transport is responsible for moving neurotransmitters from the cell body to the nerve ending?
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system controls skeletal muscles?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system controls skeletal muscles?
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What is the term for a potential that is fixed at -100 mV?
What is the term for a potential that is fixed at -100 mV?
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Which type of ion channels are involved during the depolarization phase of an action potential?
Which type of ion channels are involved during the depolarization phase of an action potential?
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What happens when the transmembrane potential reaches +30 mV during an action potential?
What happens when the transmembrane potential reaches +30 mV during an action potential?
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During the repolarization phase of an action potential, which ion stops influx and which ion starts outflux?
During the repolarization phase of an action potential, which ion stops influx and which ion starts outflux?
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What ensures the unidirectional propagation of action potentials during the absolute refractory period?
What ensures the unidirectional propagation of action potentials during the absolute refractory period?
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Which structure contains neurotransmitter in synaptic vesicles?
Which structure contains neurotransmitter in synaptic vesicles?
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What is the sequence of events when an action potential arrives at the axonal terminal?
What is the sequence of events when an action potential arrives at the axonal terminal?
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What type of potential is generated when ion channels open on the postsynaptic membrane?
What type of potential is generated when ion channels open on the postsynaptic membrane?
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What kind of receptor is the ACh receptor at the neuromuscular junction?
What kind of receptor is the ACh receptor at the neuromuscular junction?
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Which ion flows when acetylcholine binds to its receptor at the motor end-plate?
Which ion flows when acetylcholine binds to its receptor at the motor end-plate?
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What type of potential is generated by hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane?
What type of potential is generated by hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane?
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Where does the major part of synaptic transmission occur?
Where does the major part of synaptic transmission occur?
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Study Notes
Sensory Information
- The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system carries sensory information to the central nervous system (CNS).
Blood-Brain Barrier
- Astrocytes are a type of glial cell that helps to form the blood-brain barrier, a protective barrier that regulates the passage of substances from the blood into the brain.
Peripheral Nervous System Myelination
- Schwann cells are the type of neuron responsible for myelination in the peripheral nervous system.
Neurotransmitter Production
- Neurotransmitters are produced in the cell body of a neuron, specifically in the soma and dendrites.
Axonal Transport
- Axonal transport is the process of moving neurotransmitters from the cell body to the nerve ending, and it is accomplished by anterograde transport.
Skeletal Muscle Control
- The somatic nervous system controls skeletal muscles, allowing for voluntary movement.
Resting Membrane Potential
- A resting membrane potential fixed at -100 mV is considered hyperpolarized.
Depolarization
- Sodium ion channels open during the depolarization phase of an action potential, allowing sodium ions to flow into the cell and causing the membrane potential to become more positive.
Action Potential Peak
- When the transmembrane potential reaches +30 mV during an action potential, sodium ion channels close.
Repolarization
- During the repolarization phase of an action potential, sodium ion influx stops and potassium ion outflux begins, restoring the membrane potential to its resting state.
Unidirectional Propagation
- Refractory periods ensure the unidirectional propagation of action potentials. The absolute refractory period ensures that a new action potential cannot be generated until the previous one has fully recovered.
Neurotransmitter Storage
- Synaptic vesicles store neurotransmitters within the axonal terminal.
Synaptic Transmission
- When an action potential arrives at the axonal terminal:
- Calcium ion channels open, allowing calcium ions to flow into the terminal.
- Calcium ions trigger the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane.
- Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft through exocytosis.
Postsynaptic Potential
- Postsynaptic potentials are generated when ion channels open on the postsynaptic membrane in response to neurotransmitter binding.
Neuromuscular Junction Receptor
- The ACh receptor at the neuromuscular junction is a ligand-gated ion channel, meaning that it opens when acetylcholine binds to it.
Motor End-Plate Ion Flow
- When acetylcholine binds to its receptor at the motor end-plate, sodium ions flow into the muscle fiber, leading to muscle contraction.
Hyperpolarization Potential
- Hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane generates an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), making the postsynaptic neuron less likely to fire an action potential.
Synaptic Transmission Location
- The major part of synaptic transmission occurs at the synaptic cleft, the space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
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Description
Test your understanding of the neurotransmission process at a synapse. Learn about the steps involved from the arrival of an action potential to the generation of excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.
