Neuroscience Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is temporal summation in the context of neuron communication?

  • When neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft
  • When multiple neurons send EPSPs to exceed the threshold
  • When a neuron sends repeated EPSPs over time (correct)
  • When ions move directly between glial cells

    • What is spatial summation in the context of neuron communication?

  • When multiple neurons send EPSPs to exceed the threshold (correct)
  • When ions move directly between glial cells
  • When neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft
  • When a neuron sends repeated EPSPs over time

    • What is the role of IPSPs in neuron communication?

  • Bring neurotransmitters back into the neuron
  • Decrease the likelihood of generating an action potential (correct)
  • Increase the likelihood of generating an action potential
  • Trigger vesicles containing neurotransmitters to dock with the axon terminal

    • How do neurons communicate through chemical synapses?

    <p>Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft at chemical synapses?

    <p>Calcium influx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of gap junctions in neuron communication?

    <p>Allow ions to move directly between glial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ion do GABA channels open?

    <p>Chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many subunits do G proteins have?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers metabolic processes, genetic transcription, and new protein creation?

    <p>G protein activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors are G protein-coupled with seven membrane-spanning domains?

    <p>Metabotropic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of glutamate in neuron communication?

    <p>Promoting dendrite growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors are composed of subunits with orthosteric sites for neurotransmitter binding?

    <p>Ionotropic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism for clearing unbound neurotransmitters from the synapse?

    <p>Reuptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors are connected to G proteins and can also be G protein-coupled ion channels?

    <p>Metabotropic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for synthesizing neurotransmitters in the presynaptic terminal and transporting them to the synaptic cleft?

    <p>Presynaptic terminal proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors bind to G proteins and cause downstream effects by activating second messenger systems?

    <p>Metabotropic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism for the confirmation change in receptors upon neurotransmitter binding?

    <p>Ion channel opening/closing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting membrane potential of neurons?

    <p>-70 millivolts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates action potentials in neurons?

    <p>Threshold potential at the axon hillock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of myelin sheaths in neurons?

    <p>Facilitate saltatory conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of refractory period in neuron communication?

    <p>Prevent action potential initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neurons make up white matter in the brain?

    <p>Myelinated neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neural integration?

    <p>Determine action potential occurrence through postsynaptic potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about EPSP and IPSP?

    <p>EPSP increases the likelihood of generating an action potential, while IPSP reduces the likelihood of generating an action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when voltage-gated calcium channels open upon an action potential?

    <p>Vesicles containing neurotransmitters dock and release neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of oligodendrocytes in neural structure?

    <p>Support and maintain neural structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transporter reuptake proteins in synaptic communication?

    <p>Prevent too much neurotransmitter in the synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between temporal summation and spatial summation?

    <p>Temporal summation involves several impulses from one neuron over time, while spatial summation involves multiple inputs from several neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way that neurons communicate with each other?

    <p>Chemical synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main way that neurons communicate with each other?

    <p>Chemical synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when voltage-gated calcium channels open upon action potential?

    <p>Calcium influx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of EPSP in generating an action potential?

    <p>It increases the likelihood of generating an action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of transporter reuptake proteins in synaptic communication?

    <p>Clearing unbound neurotransmitters from the synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of ionotropic receptors?

    <p>Ligand-gated ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can mutations in genes encoding proteins in the postsynaptic density lead to?

    <p>Disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting membrane potential maintained by?

    <p>Flow of potassium ions through open channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates action potentials at the axon hillock?

    <p>Threshold potential being reached</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the restoration of the resting membrane potential?

    <p>Sodium-potassium pumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ensures that action potentials only proceed in one direction?

    <p>Refractory period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What facilitates saltatory conduction by insulating and protecting neurons?

    <p>Myelin sheaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons does white matter consist of?

    <p>Myelinated neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neurophysiology, Neurochemistry, and Neural Integration

    • Resting membrane potential is -70 millivolts and is maintained by the flow of potassium ions through open channels
    • Neurons communicate through postsynaptic potentials, which can be either excitatory (EPSP) or inhibitory (IPSP)
    • Action potentials begin at the axon hillock when the threshold potential is reached, causing a switch in membrane potential polarity
    • Sodium-potassium pumps actively transport ions, requiring ATP, and contribute to the restoration of the resting membrane potential
    • The refractory period ensures that action potentials only proceed in one direction and lasts about 1 millisecond (absolute) and 2-4 milliseconds (relative)
    • Myelin sheaths, made up of oligodendrocytes, facilitate saltatory conduction by insulating and protecting neurons and allowing for faster propagation of action potentials
    • White matter consists of myelinated neurons, while grey matter consists of non-myelinated neurons with many connections
    • Neural integration involves the combination of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials to determine whether an action potential will occur
    • Neurochemistry/Neuropharmacology studies how neurons communicate and bring changes in charge through chemical signals and receptors
    • Neural activity can be visualized through brain scans, PET imaging, and calcium imaging, but changing the activity is necessary for visualization
    • Gap junctions and chemical synapses are essential in the synapse for transmitting signals between neurons
    • The study of neural activity is challenging due to its location inside the head and the complexity of the processes involved

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of neurotransmitter systems, receptors, neurophysiology, neurochemistry, and neural integration with this quiz. Explore the mechanisms of neurotransmitter release, synaptic transmission, membrane potential, action potentials, myelination, neural integration, and the challenges of studying neural activity.

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