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Questions and Answers
What is temporal summation in the context of neuron communication?
What is spatial summation in the context of neuron communication?
What is the role of IPSPs in neuron communication?
How do neurons communicate through chemical synapses?
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What triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft at chemical synapses?
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What is the main function of gap junctions in neuron communication?
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What type of ion do GABA channels open?
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What is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
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How many subunits do G proteins have?
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What triggers metabolic processes, genetic transcription, and new protein creation?
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What type of receptors are G protein-coupled with seven membrane-spanning domains?
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What is the role of glutamate in neuron communication?
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Which type of receptors are composed of subunits with orthosteric sites for neurotransmitter binding?
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What is the main mechanism for clearing unbound neurotransmitters from the synapse?
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Which type of receptors are connected to G proteins and can also be G protein-coupled ion channels?
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What is responsible for synthesizing neurotransmitters in the presynaptic terminal and transporting them to the synaptic cleft?
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Which type of receptors bind to G proteins and cause downstream effects by activating second messenger systems?
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What is the main mechanism for the confirmation change in receptors upon neurotransmitter binding?
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What is the resting membrane potential of neurons?
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What initiates action potentials in neurons?
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What is the function of myelin sheaths in neurons?
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What is the role of refractory period in neuron communication?
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Which type of neurons make up white matter in the brain?
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What is the primary function of neural integration?
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Which of the following is true about EPSP and IPSP?
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What occurs when voltage-gated calcium channels open upon an action potential?
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What is the main function of oligodendrocytes in neural structure?
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What is the role of transporter reuptake proteins in synaptic communication?
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What is the main difference between temporal summation and spatial summation?
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What is the primary way that neurons communicate with each other?
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What is the main way that neurons communicate with each other?
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What occurs when voltage-gated calcium channels open upon action potential?
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What is the role of EPSP in generating an action potential?
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What is the function of transporter reuptake proteins in synaptic communication?
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What is the composition of ionotropic receptors?
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What can mutations in genes encoding proteins in the postsynaptic density lead to?
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What is the resting membrane potential maintained by?
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What initiates action potentials at the axon hillock?
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What contributes to the restoration of the resting membrane potential?
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What ensures that action potentials only proceed in one direction?
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What facilitates saltatory conduction by insulating and protecting neurons?
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What type of neurons does white matter consist of?
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Study Notes
Neurophysiology, Neurochemistry, and Neural Integration
- Resting membrane potential is -70 millivolts and is maintained by the flow of potassium ions through open channels
- Neurons communicate through postsynaptic potentials, which can be either excitatory (EPSP) or inhibitory (IPSP)
- Action potentials begin at the axon hillock when the threshold potential is reached, causing a switch in membrane potential polarity
- Sodium-potassium pumps actively transport ions, requiring ATP, and contribute to the restoration of the resting membrane potential
- The refractory period ensures that action potentials only proceed in one direction and lasts about 1 millisecond (absolute) and 2-4 milliseconds (relative)
- Myelin sheaths, made up of oligodendrocytes, facilitate saltatory conduction by insulating and protecting neurons and allowing for faster propagation of action potentials
- White matter consists of myelinated neurons, while grey matter consists of non-myelinated neurons with many connections
- Neural integration involves the combination of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials to determine whether an action potential will occur
- Neurochemistry/Neuropharmacology studies how neurons communicate and bring changes in charge through chemical signals and receptors
- Neural activity can be visualized through brain scans, PET imaging, and calcium imaging, but changing the activity is necessary for visualization
- Gap junctions and chemical synapses are essential in the synapse for transmitting signals between neurons
- The study of neural activity is challenging due to its location inside the head and the complexity of the processes involved
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Description
Test your knowledge of neurotransmitter systems, receptors, neurophysiology, neurochemistry, and neural integration with this quiz. Explore the mechanisms of neurotransmitter release, synaptic transmission, membrane potential, action potentials, myelination, neural integration, and the challenges of studying neural activity.