Neuroscience Quiz: Sensory Receptors and CNS
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Questions and Answers

Which type of sensory receptor is responsible for detecting temperature changes?

  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors (correct)
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Photoreceptors

What distinguishes peripheral nerves from other types of nerves?

  • They have neuronal cell bodies within them.
  • They are only composed of sensory axons.
  • They contain the axons of motor and sensory neurons. (correct)
  • They exclusively carry autonomic signals.

Which of the following correctly describes mechanoreceptors?

  • They are specialized for detecting mechanical pressure and distortion. (correct)
  • They detect pain through nociceptive neurons.
  • They respond to light and are found in the retina.
  • They respond to chemical stimuli in the olfactory system.

What is the main function of the brain region stimulated by sensory receptors?

<p>To interpret sensations and determine perception. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about nerve cells in peripheral nerves is accurate?

<p>They include Schwann cells and endothelial cells but no neuronal cell bodies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glial cells in the central nervous system?

<p>Regulate the extracellular environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for vision?

<p>Occipital lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are primarily responsible for myelination in the central nervous system?

<p>Oligodendrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the central nervous system primarily do after it integrated information?

<p>Transmit messages to effector cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells are considered phagocytic cells in the central nervous system?

<p>Microglia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many axons can a single oligodendrocyte myelinate?

<p>Between 1 and 80 axons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is NOT part of the central nervous system?

<p>Peripheral nerves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is attributed to astrocytes in the central nervous system?

<p>Maintain the blood-brain barrier (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain houses the primary visual cortex?

<p>Occipital lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage comes immediately after the arrival of an action potential at the presynaptic neuron?

<p>Influx of Ca ions in pre-synaptic membrane causes fusion of vesicles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for the sensation of hearing in the brain?

<p>Temporal lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft after they have completed their function?

<p>They are absorbed into the presynaptic neuron. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence correctly lists the steps of synaptic transmission?

<p>Arrival of action potential, calcium influx, fusion of vesicles, binding to receptors, breakdown. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the parasympathetic division have on the pupil of the eye?

<p>Constricts the pupil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ's function is stimulated by the sympathetic division?

<p>Liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a state of rest and digestion, which of the following occurs?

<p>Promotion of urination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which effect is associated with the sympathetic division?

<p>Inhibits urine production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stimulated by the parasympathetic division?

<p>Stimulates the pancreas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function does the sympathetic division promote?

<p>Rapid heart rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the parasympathetic division affect bronchi?

<p>Constricts bronchi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the sympathetic division have on saliva production?

<p>Inhibits saliva production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During sympathetic activation, which bodily function is enhanced?

<p>Ejaculation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What overall effect does the parasympathetic division have on the digestive system?

<p>Stimulates digestive processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that an action potential cannot travel backwards along an axon?

<p>Sodium channels are inactivated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does saltatory conduction enhance signal transmission in neurons?

<p>It enables impulses to skip over nodes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of axon diameter affects the resistance to impulse travel?

<p>Larger diameter decreases resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of signal change occurs when an action potential reaches the axon terminal?

<p>Electrical to chemical (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is known to have an inhibitory effect?

<p>GABA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to neurotransmitters after they bind to receptors on the receiving neuron?

<p>They are broken down and released (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the summation of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the neuron?

<p>Both spatial and temporal summation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the nodes of Ranvier in the conduction of action potentials?

<p>To allow for the exchange of ions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of synaptic vesicles in neurons?

<p>To release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does raised temperature have on the action potential conduction speed?

<p>It increases conduction speed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in muscle activation?

<p>Acetylcholine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is known for its inhibitory effects in the central nervous system?

<p>Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of neurotransmitters like serotonin in the brain?

<p>Regulating mood and emotional states (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is released and binds to receptors in response to an action potential?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as a neurotransmitter?

<p>Tomato ketchup (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do receptor sites play in neurotransmission?

<p>They bind neurotransmitters and trigger ion channel changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can spatial and temporal summation of inputs have on a receiving neuron?

<p>It can increase the likelihood of generating an action potential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine generally categorized?

<p>As excitatory or inhibitory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the CNS?

The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center of the body, responsible for processing information and coordinating responses.

What is the PNS?

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the network of nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body, transmitting information to and from the CNS.

What is the Autonomic Nervous System?

The autonomic nervous system is a part of the PNS that regulates involuntary bodily functions like heart rate, digestion, and breathing.

What are neurons?

Neurons are specialized cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals throughout the nervous system. They are responsible for communication within the nervous system.

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What are glial cells?

Glial cells are supporting cells that provide nutrients, insulation, and structural support to neurons. They are also involved in maintaining the health of the nervous system.

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What are astrocytes?

Astrocytes are a type of glial cell that regulate the extracellular environment of the CNS, supporting communication and blood flow.

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What are oligodendrocytes?

Oligodendrocytes are glial cells that wrap around axons of neurons to form a protective myelin sheath, which speeds up signal transmission.

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What are microglia?

Microglia are glial cells that act as the "immune system" of the CNS, clearing debris and fighting infections.

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Sensory receptor

A specialized region of a sensory neuron that detects a specific type of sensory input.

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Thermoreceptors

Sensory receptors that respond to temperature changes, like hot or cold.

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Mechanoreceptors

Sensory receptors that respond to mechanical pressure or distortion, like touch or pressure.

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Chemoreceptors

Sensory receptors that respond to chemicals, like taste, smell, and changes in blood chemistry.

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Photoreceptors

Sensory receptors that respond to light, like the ones found in your eyes.

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Where is the primary visual cortex located?

The occipital lobe is the part of the brain responsible for processing visual information.

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Where is the auditory cortex located?

The temporal lobe is the part of the brain responsible for processing auditory information.

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What is synaptic transmission?

The process of transmitting information between neurons. It involves a series of steps, starting with the arrival of an action potential at the presynaptic neuron and ending with the response of the postsynaptic neuron.

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What role does calcium play in synaptic transmission?

The influx of calcium ions into the presynaptic terminal triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

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How do neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic neuron?

Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, triggering a change in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron. This change can either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron.

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What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for "rest and digest" activities. It slows the heart rate, promotes digestion, and relaxes muscles.

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What is the sympathetic nervous system?

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for "fight or flight." It increases heart rate, dilates pupils, and releases adrenaline.

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How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect pupil size?

The parasympathetic nervous system constricts the pupils, allowing more light to enter the eye for better vision in low light conditions.

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How does the sympathetic nervous system affect pupil size?

The sympathetic nervous system dilates the pupils, allowing less light to enter the eye for better vision in bright light conditions.

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How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect saliva production?

The parasympathetic nervous system stimulates saliva production, which helps with digestion and lubrication.

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How does the sympathetic nervous system affect saliva production?

The sympathetic nervous system inhibits saliva production, diverting resources to other functions.

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How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect breathing?

The parasympathetic nervous system constricts the bronchi in the lungs, making it easier to breathe and conserve energy.

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How does the sympathetic nervous system affect breathing?

The sympathetic nervous system dilates the bronchi in the lungs, allowing more oxygen to reach the body during activity.

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How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?

The parasympathetic nervous system slows down the heart rate to conserve energy and maintain homeostasis.

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How does the sympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?

The sympathetic nervous system accelerates the heart rate to pump more blood and provide oxygen to active muscles.

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Refractory Period

The period following an action potential during which a nerve cell cannot fire another action potential, regardless of the intensity of the stimulus. This is due to the inactivation of sodium channels.

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Saltatory Conduction

The process by which a nerve impulse travels along an axon, jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next. This significantly increases the speed of signal transmission.

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Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath covering an axon, where the signal can jump.

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Myelin

The fatty substance that insulates axons, increasing the speed of signal transmission by allowing the signal to jump between nodes of Ranvier.

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Synapse

The junction between two nerve cells or between a nerve cell and an effector (muscle or gland). Information is transmitted across this junction using neurotransmitters.

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Neurotransmitters

Chemicals released by a neuron at a synapse to transmit information to the receiving cell.

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Excitatory Neurotransmitter

A neurotransmitter that causes an excitatory effect, making the receiving neuron more likely to fire an action potential.

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Inhibitory Neurotransmitter

A neurotransmitter that causes an inhibitory effect, making the receiving neuron less likely to fire an action potential.

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Spatial Summation

The process where multiple inputs from different synapses converge on a single neuron, either increasing or decreasing the likelihood of that neuron firing an action potential.

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Temporal Summation

The process where multiple inputs from the same synapse arrive at a neuron in rapid succession, either increasing or decreasing the likelihood of that neuron firing an action potential.

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What is a synapse?

The junction between two neurons, where signals are transmitted from one neuron to the next.

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What are synaptic vesicles?

Small sacs within the axon terminal of a neuron that contain neurotransmitters.

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What is a neurotransmitter?

A chemical messenger that travels across the synaptic cleft to transmit signals from one neuron to the next.

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What is the synaptic cleft?

The space between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron.

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What is a neurotransmitter receptor?

A protein on the postsynaptic membrane that binds to a specific neurotransmitter.

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What is an excitatory neurotransmitter?

A neurotransmitter that excites the postsynaptic neuron, making it more likely to fire an action potential.

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What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A neurotransmitter that inhibits the postsynaptic neuron, making it less likely to fire an action potential.

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What is neurotransmitter reuptake?

The process by which the effects of a neurotransmitter are terminated in the synaptic cleft.

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Study Notes

The Nervous System

  • The nervous system is a complex network of cells and tissues responsible for coordinating and controlling bodily functions.
  • Its function is to detect stimuli, process information, and generate responses.
  • The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
  • The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes nerves that extend throughout the body.

Nervous System Cells

  • Neurons: The fundamental units of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting signals. Classified by function (motor, sensory, interneurons), shape (unipolar, bipolar, multipolar), and neurotransmitter usage (e.g., cholinergic, dopaminergic, peptidergic).
  • Glial cells: Support cells in the nervous system that provide structural support, insulation, and nourishment to neurons. Types include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and variations of blood vessel endothelial cells. Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells produce myelin.

The CNS

  • The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.
  • The brain is responsible for higher-level functions like thought, memory, and emotion.
  • The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body.

The PNS

  • The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves that carry signals between the CNS and the rest of the body.
  • Divided into the sensory division and the motor division.
  • The sensory division senses stimuli from the environment. The motor division activates effectors.

Autonomic Nervous System

  • The autonomic nervous system governs involuntary functions like heart rate, digestion, and breathing.
  • Contains the sympathetic (fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest-and-digest) divisions.

Neural Function

  • The nervous system's basic functional unit is the neuron, a cell specializing in the transmission of electrical signals.
  • Neurons communicate at synapses, where electrical signals are transformed into chemical signals.
  • The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is commonly used in motor functions.

Action Potential

  • The nerve impulse (action potential) is a brief, large change in neuron membrane potential.
  • The voltage shift relies on ion flows across the cell membrane, specifically sodium (Na+) influx followed by potassium (K+) efflux.
  • This ionic flow changes the membrane polarity. Voltage-gated ion channels facilitate these movements.
  • The signal then travels down the axon.

Saltatory Conduction

  • Myelin sheaths help the signal move faster by insulating the axon
  • The action potential "jumps" between the unmyelinated gaps (nodes of Ranvier) in the axon.

Synapses

  • A synapse is the junction between two neurons or a neuron and an effector.
  • Nerve impulses arrive at the presynaptic neuron, causing neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft.
  • Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, signaling another response of the nervous system.
  • These neurotransmitters are broken down and removed, allowing for a new stimulus.

Sensory Perception

  • Sensory receptors detect different stimuli, like pressure, temperature, and chemicals.
  • Specialized sensory organs concentrate these receptors.
  • These signals translate to the brain, where various regions interpret them, resulting in a unified sensory experience.

Reflexes

  • Reflexes are involuntary, rapid responses to stimuli.
  • Involve sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Specific reflexes, like the patellar reflex, involve specific regions of the spinal cord.

Practice questions

  • Include various questions from the various slides for comprehensive study.

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Test your knowledge on sensory receptors and the central nervous system with this quiz. Explore questions about thermoreceptors, nerve cells, and brain functions. Perfect for students studying neuroscience or anyone interested in understanding how our body processes sensory information.

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