Cours: Synapses and Transmission
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about synapse defective-1 (dsyd-1) is supported by the provided content?

  • dsyd-1 is a protein unique to Drosophila and has no known homologs in other species.
  • dsyd-1 is specifically involved in active zone assembly at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction.
  • dsyd-1 is a protein involved in active zone assembly in Drosophila, but its function is not conserved in other species.
  • dsyd-1 is required for normal synaptic vesicle targeting in both Drosophila and mouse. (correct)

    • Which of the following is a key component of the active zone in Drosophila?

  • Microtubule (MT) polarity
  • Bruchpilot (Brp) (correct)
  • dsyd-1
  • Liprin-a

    • What role does microtubule (MT) polarity play in synapse formation?

  • MT polarity does not directly influence synapse formation but indirectly contributes to the overall organization of the neuron.
  • MTs provide structural support only and do not influence the localization of synaptic components.
  • MT polarity determines the direction of synaptic vesicle transport, ensuring they reach the correct location. (correct)
  • MTs are involved in the assembly of the active zone, but their polarity is not important.

    • What does the abbreviation 'NMJ' stand for in the context of the provided content?

    <p>Neuromuscular Junction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT explicitly mentioned as a critical component of active zone assembly in Drosophila?

    <p>Calcium channels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate speed of synaptic transmission for a single action potential?

    <p>&lt; 1ms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'FRET' stand for?

    <p>Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of FRET in studying synaptic transmission?

    <p>To measure the distance between two molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main components of a synapse?

    <p>Vesicle fusion, active zone, postsynaptic density (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of proteins are involved in vesicle fusion?

    <p>SNAP proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what causes the increase in donor fluorescence during FRET?

    <p>The interaction of the donor and acceptor molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of vesicle fusion in the absence of active zone components or Ca2+?

    <p>In vitro reconstitution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins are known to be involved in presynaptic homeostasis at the Drosophila NMJ?

    <p>rab3 (A), Prl-1 (B), RIM (C), dsyd-1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the specific type of receptor involved in presynaptic homeostasis, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>LAR-type receptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins is involved in the active zone assembly at the Drosophila NMJ?

    <p>rab3 (A), RIM (C), dsyd-1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of signaling occurs in peptidergic cells, as mentioned in the context of Placozoa?

    <p>Paracrine signaling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the phosphatase Prl-1 at the Drosophila NMJ?

    <p>Specifying synapse location and axon branching (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the technique used to visualize the synapse at a resolution of 50nm, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Electron microscopy (EM) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the postsynaptic density (PSD) in synaptic transmission?

    <p>Receiving and processing neurotransmitter signals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key requirement for synapse assembly?

    <p>Contact between the presynaptic and postsynaptic partners (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins are involved in the partial axonal co-transport of active zone proteins and synaptic vesicle proteins in Drosophila melanogaster motor neuron axons?

    <p>Brp, Syt-1, and Spinster (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Arl8 in the transport of active zone and synaptic vesicle proteins?

    <p>Arl8 is a lysosomal kinesin adaptor that facilitates the transport of PLVs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a protein involved in the transport of active zone and synaptic vesicle proteins in human neurons?

    <p>VAMP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of PIKFYVE in the transport of active zone and synaptic vesicle proteins?

    <p>PIKFYVE is a lipid kinase that regulates the formation and maturation of PLVs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lysosomes in the delivery of active zone and synaptic vesicle proteins?

    <p>Lysosomes act as carriers for the transport of active zone and synaptic vesicle proteins along axons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in the transport mechanism of active zone and synaptic vesicle proteins in Drosophila and human neurons?

    <p>The transport of active zone and synaptic vesicle proteins in human neurons requires a different lipid kinase compared to Drosophila neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the co-transport of active zone and synaptic vesicle proteins in PLVs?

    <p>The co-transport ensures that these proteins are delivered to the synapse simultaneously (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is being transported in preassembled multi-vesicle transport vesicles in Drosophila motor neuron axons?

    <p>active zone proteins and synaptic vesicle proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the small GTPase Rab3 play in Drosophila neuromuscular junctions?

    <p>It is required for normal active zone distribution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of having a rab3 mutation?

    <p>No major defect in synaptic transmission at mutant synapses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Rab3 interact with GTP and GDP?

    <p>Rab3 cycles between GTP and GDP states to regulate its activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of presynaptic homeostasis indicate at the Drosophila NMJ?

    <p>It ensures consistent neurotransmitter release regardless of synaptic demand. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the genetic interaction noted in the context of presynaptic development?

    <p>It shows a direct tie between genetic makeup and synaptic structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins is specifically associated with inhibitory synapses?

    <p>Gephyrin (B), Neuroligin-2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of 'vGluT'?

    <p>Transportation of glutamate to synaptic vesicles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fibroblast cells in synapse formation according to the content?

    <p>Fibroblasts are not directly involved in synapse formation, but can be used in research to study synapse formation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information given, which of the following is NOT a direct factor influencing the formation of the postsynaptic density?

    <p>Microtubule polarity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between the postsynaptic density at excitatory and inhibitory synapses?

    <p>The types of receptors present in the postsynaptic density differ. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Synapse Formation

    • Synapse formation involves the coordinated assembly of presynaptic and postsynaptic components.
    • Presynaptic components include synaptic vesicles, active zone proteins (e.g., Bassoon, Piccolo), and neurotransmitter transporters.
    • Postsynaptic components include specialized receptors and scaffolding proteins (e.g., PSD-95, Gephyrin).
    • Active zone assembly can occur independently of a postsynaptic partner.
    • Synaptogenesis is influenced by factors like contact with the postsynaptic partner and delivery as preassembled units or single components.
    • Vesicle fusion, active zone, and postsynaptic density (PSD) are crucial components in synapse formation.
    • Proteins like SNAREs (e.g., syntaxin, synaptobrevin, SNAP-25) play a critical role in vesicle fusion.
    • Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters, which are released into the synaptic cleft upon stimulation.
    • The speed of synaptic transmission is less than 1 millisecond.
    • The rate of synaptic transmission is greater than 1 kilohertz.
    • Synaptic dynamics exhibit a range of 10^6 fold change in neurotransmitter release rate.
    • FRET (Förster/Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) can probe intermolecular distances.
    • FM1-43 can be used to study exocytosis by probing active zone assembly.
    • Synapses in invertebrates or developing organisms exhibit features similar in function or structure to those found in mature vertebrates.

    Evolutionary Development of Synapses

    • Synapses and neural systems may have evolved more than once.
    • Placozoa possess synaptic genes but lack synapses, suggesting a different evolutionary path compared to other animal phyla.
    • Evolution of synapsis in Placozoa involves exocytosis and paracrine signaling in peptidergic cells, without neuronal or synaptic structures.
    • Synapse evolution demonstrates a gradual development of neuronal gene expression programs.
    • Synaptic development follows progressive steps from early life forms to more complex organisms, from absence of neurons to more refined structure and function.
    • Specific genes (e.g., dsyd-1, dliprin-a) are essential for synapse formation in Drosophila.
    • Drosophila melanogaster is a useful model system for studying synapse formation.
    • Genetic interactions and biochemical interactions (eg., LAR-type receptors and calcium channel interactions) are key to synapse development in both Drosophila and C. elegans.
    • Core active zone proteins (e.g., Piccolo, Bassoon, Neurexin) have conserved roles even across different species, indicating a degree of evolutionary continuity in fundamental synaptic functions.
    • The small GTPase Rab3 is vital for normal active zone distribution and pre/post matching.
    • Synaptic formation in various species displays differences in the specifics of involved genes but shared fundamental principles of development.

    Ontogenetic Synapse Formation

    • Ontogenetic synapse formation refers to synapse formation during development.
    • Ontogenetic synapse formation involves interactions between presynaptic and postsynaptic elements, leading to specialized structures and functions.
    • Synapse formation is a complex process, requiring the coordination of different molecular and cellular mechanisms.

    Additional Notes

    • Neuroligin expression in non-neuronal cells directs clusters involving glutamate- and GABA-containing synaptic vesicles in mice.
    • Questions remain about whether contact with the postsynaptic partner is necessary for synapse formation and whether synapses form from preassembled components or individual components.
    • The delivery of active zone components (e.g., Bassoon, Piccolo) and synaptic vesicle proteins (e.g., VAMP, SV2) follows a preassembled multi-vesicle transport vesicle model.
    • Partial axonal co-transport of active zone and synaptic vesicle proteins in presynaptic lysosome-related vesicles (PLVs), particularly requiring Arl8 lysosomal kinesin adaptor.
    • Microtubule polarity guides synaptic component transport towards synapse formation sites.
    • Assembly mechanisms and delivery methods for the formation of functional synapses are still to be fully elucidated.

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    Related Documents

    Synapse Formation: A Summary of Evolution and Development PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on synaptic structures, components, and functions with this quiz focused on Drosophila and synapse formation. Explore key concepts like NMJ, FRET, vesicle fusion, and synaptic transmission speed. Perfect for students studying neuroscience and molecular biology.

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