Neuroscience Quiz on Neuropeptides and Circuits
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Questions and Answers

Which neuropeptide is classified as both excitatory and inhibitory?

  • Glycine
  • Acetylcholine (correct)
  • Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
  • Glutamate

What type of neural circuit allows a single presynaptic neuron to influence multiple postsynaptic neurons simultaneously?

  • Reverberating Circuit
  • Simple Series Circuit
  • Diverging Circuit (correct)
  • Converging Circuit

Which small-molecule neuropeptide is known for its roles in arousal, dreaming, and mood regulation?

  • Serotonin
  • Dopamine
  • Norepinephrine (correct)
  • Epinephrine

Which circuit type involves the first neuron stimulating the second, which in turn stimulates the third, creating a loop?

<p>Reverberating Circuit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the axon in a neuron?

<p>Send signals away from the neuron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neuropeptides is primarily involved in sensory reception and mood regulation?

<p>Serotonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the axon is involved in generating nerve impulses?

<p>Axon hillock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a converging circuit in the nervous system?

<p>It consists of multiple neurons synapsing with one neuron. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes fast axonal transport from slow axonal transport?

<p>Fast transport can operate in both anterograde and retrograde directions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is involved in vasodilation and has roles in memory and insulin release?

<p>Nitric oxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Glycine primarily serve in the central nervous system?

<p>An inhibitory neurotransmitter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron has multiple dendrites and one axon?

<p>Multipolar neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of neurotransmitters?

<p>To excite or inhibit other neurons or muscle fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes synaptic vesicles?

<p>They contain neurotransmitters and are located in synaptic end bulbs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons are responsible for carrying action potentials away from the CNS?

<p>Efferent neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes unipolar neurons?

<p>They consist of a single continuous process that emerges from the cell body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components of the spinal cord's white matter?

<p>Anterior, posterior, and lateral white columns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of axons is found in the posterior root of a spinal nerve?

<p>Sensory axons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the epineurium in spinal nerves?

<p>To surround and protect entire nerves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of spinal nerves primarily serves the muscles and structures of the upper and lower limbs?

<p>Anterior rami (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a plexus in relation to spinal nerves?

<p>A network of peripheral nerves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which spinal nerves do not form plexuses?

<p>T2–T12 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of dermatomes in the nervous system?

<p>To supply skin areas with sensory input (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the endoneurium?

<p>A mesh of collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and macrophages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which myotome is responsible for elbow flexion and wrist extension?

<p>C6 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action is associated with the C8 myotome?

<p>Wrist ulnar deviation and finger flexion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are innervated by the L5 myotome?

<p>Extensor hallucis longus and brevis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is NOT associated with the T1 myotome?

<p>Flexor digitorum profundus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cervical plexus?

<p>Innervates the diaphragm and supplies the skin and muscles of the head and neck (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which spinal nerves does the lumbar plexus originate?

<p>L1-L4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these actions is controlled by the S1 myotome?

<p>Ankle plantarflexion and eversion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which myotome is responsible for knee extension?

<p>L3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

<p>It provides mechanical protection and supports neuronal signaling. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum?

<p>Falx cerebelli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances easily crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

<p>Caffeine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain?

<p>Choroid plexus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

<p>Tentorium cerebelli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the substantia nigra in the midbrain?

<p>Producing dopamine and facilitating movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is part of the reticular activating system (RAS) and is responsible for maintaining consciousness?

<p>Sensory axons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the cerebellar hemispheres play in the cerebellum?

<p>Governing subconscious aspects of skeletal muscle movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lobes of the cerebellum is specifically associated with equilibrium and balance?

<p>Flocculonodular lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the diencephalon is made up by the thalamus?

<p>80% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus?

<p>Involves emotions and memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the role of the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

<p>Connects the cerebellum to the medulla and spinal cord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the midbrain is primarily involved in auditory processing?

<p>Inferior colliculi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Axon

A long, thin, cylindrical projection that carries signals away from the cell body of a neuron.

Axon Hillock

A cone-shaped region where the axon joins the cell body; the site where nerve impulses are generated.

Trigger Zone

The area at the junction of the axon hillock and the initial segment where nerve impulses are triggered.

Synapse

The junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell, where communication occurs.

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Synaptic Vesicles

Tiny membrane-enclosed sacs within axon terminals that store and release neurotransmitters.

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Slow Axonal Transport

A type of transport that moves materials slowly (1-5 mm per day) from the cell body towards the axon terminals.

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Fast Axonal Transport

A type of transport that moves materials quickly (200-400 m per day) in both directions (from and toward the cell body).

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Multipolar Neuron

A neuron with several dendrites and a single axon.

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Excitatory Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that increase the likelihood of a postsynaptic neuron generating an action potential.

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Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that decrease the likelihood of a postsynaptic neuron generating an action potential.

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Glutamate

The most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, involved in learning and memory.

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GABA

The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, involved in reducing anxiety and promoting sleep.

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Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter with both excitatory and inhibitory effects, involved in muscle contraction, memory, and learning.

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Simple Series Circuit

A neural circuit where one presynaptic neuron directly stimulates a single postsynaptic neuron.

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Diverging Circuit

A neural circuit where one presynaptic neuron stimulates multiple postsynaptic neurons, allowing for signal amplification.

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Converging Circuit

A neural circuit where multiple presynaptic neurons converge on a single postsynaptic neuron, allowing for integration of information.

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Anterior White Columns

A region of the spinal cord's white matter located at the front, carrying motor impulses from the brain to the body.

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Posterior White Columns

A region of the spinal cord's white matter located at the back, transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain.

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Lateral White Columns

A region of the spinal cord's white matter located on the sides, carrying both sensory and motor impulses.

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Sensory Tracts

Bundles of axons within the spinal cord that carry sensory information from the body to the brain.

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Motor Tracts

Bundles of axons within the spinal cord that carry motor commands from the brain to the body.

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Spinal Nerves

Peripheral nerves that connect the spinal cord to the rest of the body, carrying both sensory and motor signals.

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Dermatomes

Areas of skin supplied by a single pair of spinal nerves, providing sensory information to the central nervous system (CNS).

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Plexuses

Networks of peripheral nerves formed by the intermingling of nerve fibers, allowing for complex sensory and motor control.

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Dura Mater

The outermost, tough, and fibrous layer of the meninges that protects the brain and spinal cord.

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Falx Cerebri

A sickle-shaped fold of dura mater that separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.

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Falx Cerebelli

A smaller fold of dura mater that separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum.

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Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

A protective barrier formed by tightly packed endothelial cells and a thick basement membrane that surrounds capillaries in the brain.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A clear fluid that cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord, provides chemical stability, and aids in nutrient transport.

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Myotome

A group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve root. Each myotome corresponds to a specific segment of the spinal cord.

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C5 Myotome

The C5 myotome controls shoulder abduction, the movement of the arm away from the body, and lateral rotation of the arm.

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C6 Myotome

The C6 myotome controls elbow flexion, bending the arm, and wrist extension.

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C7 Myotome

The C7 myotome controls elbow extension, straightening the arm, and wrist flexion.

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C8 Myotome

The C8 myotome controls wrist ulnar deviation, moving the hand toward the little finger side, and finger flexion.

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T1 Myotome

The T1 myotome controls finger abduction, spreading the fingers, and finger extension, straightening the fingers.

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L2 Myotome

The L2 myotome controls hip flexion, bringing the thigh towards the abdomen.

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L3 Myotome

The L3 myotome controls knee extension, straightening the leg.

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What is the midbrain?

The midbrain, also known as the mesencephalon, is a small but crucial part of the brainstem. It acts as a relay center for visual and auditory information, and plays a role in motor control and movement.

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What are the cerebral peduncles?

The cerebral peduncles are paired bundles of axons that are located in the anterior part of the midbrain. They carry motor commands from the cerebrum down to the brainstem and spinal cord.

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What is the tectum?

The tectum is the dorsal part of the midbrain that is divided into four rounded elevations. It is responsible for processing visual and auditory information.

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What do the superior colliculi control?

The superior colliculi are two of the four bumps on the tectum. They receive visual information from the eyes and control voluntary eye movements.

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What do the inferior colliculi control?

The inferior colliculi, located on the tectum, are the auditory centers. They receive sensory information from the ears and are involved in sound localization and hearing.

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What is the reticular formation?

The reticular formation is a network of neurons located in the brainstem. It is responsible for regulating arousal, consciousness, and sleep-wake cycles.

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What is the reticular activating system (RAS)?

The reticular activating system is part of the reticular formation. It sends sensory signals to the cerebral cortex to maintain alertness and consciousness.

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What is the cerebellum?

The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain and is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, balance, and coordination.

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Study Notes

The Nervous System

  • The nervous system is one of the 11 body systems
  • It is complex and crucial for body function
  • Neurology is the branch dealing with normal nervous system functioning and disorders
  • Neurologists are physicians specializing in nervous system diagnoses and treatment

Nervous System Organization

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): cranial and spinal nerves.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  • Sensory Division: conveys input from sensory receptors to the CNS
  • Somatic senses (tactile, thermal, pain, proprioceptive sensations) and special senses (smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium) provide information
  • Motor Division: conveys output from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands).
  • This division has two parts:
    • Somatic Nervous System (SNS): voluntary control of skeletal muscles
    • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): involuntary control of smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

Functions of the Nervous System

  • Sensory function: monitoring internal and external changes
  • Integrative function: processing sensory input and making decisions regarding responses
  • Motor function: activating effectors to carry out the decisions

Nervous Tissue

  • Two main cell types:
    • Neurons: nerve cells that have electrical excitability
    • Neuroglia: supporting cells
  • Stimulus→action potential→nerve impulse

Neurons

  • Cell Body (perikaryon/soma): contains nucleus and organelles.
  • Dendrites: receive signals
  • Axon: conducts impulses away from cell body
  • Axon Hillock: where axon originates from the cell body
  • Synapse: communication sites between neurons or between neuron and effector.

Neuron Transport Systems

  • Slow axonal transport: moves materials 1-5mm per day (anterograde/forward)
  • Fast axonal transport: moves materials 200-400mm per day (anterograde/forward & retrograde/retrograde)

Neuronal Classification

  • Multipolar: many dendrites, one axon
  • Bipolar: one dendrite, one axon
  • Unipolar: fused dendrite and axon

Neuroglia

  • Supporting cells in the nervous system
  • Astrocytes: provide strength, create the blood-brain barrier, aid intercellular connections.
  • Microglia: phagocytic cells (immune defense)
  • Ependymal cells: produce cerebrospinal fluid
  • Oligodendrocytes: form myelin sheath in CNS
  • Schwann cells: form myelin sheath in PNS

Myelin Sheath

  • Multilayered lipid and protein covering around some axons
  • Speeds up impulse conduction

Nerve Fiber

  • General term for neuronal extensions from the cell body

Nodes of Ranvier

  • Gaps in myelin sheath
  • Sites of action potential regeneration

Nerve Anatomy

  • Cluster of neuron cell bodies: Ganglion (PNS) or Nucleus (CNS)
  • Bundle of axons: Nerve (PNS) or Tract (CNS)

Gray Matter vs White Matter

  • Gray matter: cell bodies, dendrites, axons, and neuroglia
  • White matter: myelinated axons

Electrical Signals in Neurons

  • Graded potentials: short-distance signals
  • Action potentials: long-distance signals (nerve impulses)

Membrane Potential

  • Difference in electrical charges across the membrane
  • Resting membrane potential: inside is negative (-70mV)
  • Graded potential: change in membrane potential
  • Action potential: rapid, large change in membrane potential

Action Potentials

  • All-or-none phenomenon
  • Phases of action potential: depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization

Refractory Period

  • Absolute refractory period: no second action potential possible
  • Relative refractory period: a larger-than-normal stimulus needed to initiate a second action potential

Propagation of Action Potentials

  • Continuous Conduction: in unmyelinated axons
  • Saltatory Conduction: in myelinated axons

Synaptic transmission

  • Electrical synapses: Direct current flow
  • Chemical synapses: Release of neurotransmitters (e.g., acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate)

Synaptic Potentials

  • Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
  • Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

Signal Transmission at Synapses

  • Chemical Synapses: Neurotransmitters
  • Electrical Synapses: direct current flow.

Removal of Neurotransmitters

  • Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, uptake by cells

Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials

  • Spatial summation: stimuli at different locations
  • Temporal summation: stimuli at the same location over time

Types of Neurotransmitters

  • Small-molecule neuropeptides (e.g., acetylcholine, amino acids, biogenic amines, ATP)
  • Neuropeptides (3-40 amino acids)

Neural Circuits

  • Simple series, diverging, converging, reverberating, parallel after-discharge.

Nervous Tissue Regeneration/Repair

  • Plasticity (ability to adapt)
  • Regeneration (capacity to replicate or repair damaged neurons), including neurogenesis (birth of new neurons)
  • Chromatolysis, Wallerian degeneration, regeneration tubes

Spinal Cord Anatomy

  • Vertebral column: surrounds and protects spinal cord
  • Meninges: three connective tissue layers (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)
  • CSF and subarachnoid space

Spinal Nerves

  • Part of the PNS
  • Formed by anterior and posterior roots
  • Part of a neural reflex arc: sensory input to spinal cord → integration of signals → motor output to effector organ.

Reflexes

  • Fast, involuntary, unplanned responses to specific stimuli
  • Somatic spinal reflexes: involve skeletal muscles
  • Autonomic reflexes: affect smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands

Stretch reflex, tendon reflex

Brain

  • Primary brain vesicles: prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon.
  • Secondary brain vesicles: diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelenecephalon
  • Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
  • Four Ventricles (CSF)
  • Protection: cranial meninges, CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid)

Brain Stem

  • Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata.
  • Major Functions: Breathing, Heartbeat, Swallowing, Sneezing, Coughing etc

Diencephalon

  • Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus.

Cerebellum

  • Coordinates movements
  • Regulates posture and equilibrium

Spinal Cord Physiology.

  • Sensory and Motor tracts (ascending and descending tracts)
  • Reflex arcs (steps)

Cranial Nerves

  • 12 pairs of nerves connecting the brain to the body
  • Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

  • Regulates involuntary functions.
  • Two divisions: Sympathetic (fight or flight) and Parasympathetic (rest and digest).

Brain Organization of the Cerebral Cortex

  • Sensory areas, motor areas, association areas.

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