Neuroscience Quiz: Brain Structures and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

  • Memory processing
  • Coordination and balance (correct)
  • Language processing
  • Sensory integration
  • Which brain lobe is primarily responsible for visual processing?

  • Temporal lobe
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Occipital lobe (correct)
  • The brainstem controls which of the following functions?

  • Motor control
  • Complex reasoning
  • Sensory processing
  • Vital autonomic functions (correct)
  • What is the conus medularis?

    <p>The termination of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do autonomic and somatic nervous systems differ?

    <p>Autonomic regulates involuntary functions, while somatic controls voluntary movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a dermatome?

    <p>The area of skin served by a single spinal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for supplying a vast number of muscles and sensory areas?

    <p>Radial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the reticular formation play within the brainstem?

    <p>Alertness and consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of myelin in neurons?

    <p>Enhances the speed of signal transmission along the neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does depolarization occur in a myelinated neuron?

    <p>Only at the nodes of Ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary motor control?

    <p>Somatic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

    <p>It controls involuntary functions of organs and glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which areas do parasympathetic signals originate from?

    <p>Cranial nerves and sacral spinal levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one purpose of mapping dermatomes and myotomes?

    <p>To diagnose the level of peripheral nerve injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the peripheral nervous system involves the sympathetic trunk?

    <p>Autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the cerebrum?

    <p>Responsible for higher brain functions like reasoning and perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two primary types of cells found in the nervous system?

    <p>Multipolar and pseudounipolar neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the role of myelin?

    <p>Myelin degrades during multiple sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does gray matter differ from white matter in the central nervous system?

    <p>Gray matter contains neuronal cell bodies, while white matter consists of axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of motor neurons?

    <p>To transmit signals from the CNS to target organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>It includes the brain and spinal cord, coordinating body functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates a pseudounipolar sensory neuron from other neurons?

    <p>Its cell bodies aggregate in ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is primarily involved in autonomic functions?

    <p>Peripheral nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is white matter located in relation to gray matter in the spinal cord?

    <p>White matter surrounds the central gray matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Outcomes

    • Describe the basic cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems
    • Differentiate between a typical motor and sensory neuron
    • Explain the role of myelin and define white matter versus gray matter
    • Describe the structural and functional differences between the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

    Nervous System

    • The central nervous system (CNS) is the main processing center and coordinator of all bodily functions. It includes the brain and spinal cord.
    • The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all nerves that extend out into the periphery. It includes all nerves that extend outside of the CNS.

    Cells of the Nervous System

    • Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system, transmitting electrical impulses to communicate information.
    • Neuroglia are non-neuronal, non-excitable cells that support neurons. They are 5 times more abundant than neurons.

    Multipolar Motor Neuron

    • Cell body (with nucleus)
    • Dendrites (receive information)
    • Axon hillock (sums signals)
    • Axon (transmit signal)
    • Myelin sheath (speeds signal)
    • Axon terminals (synapse with next neuron or target organ)

    Pseudounipolar Sensory Neuron

    • Cell body (with nucleus)
    • Centrally located axon that divides into two branches
    • Peripheral process to receive information
    • Central process transmitting signal to the CNS
    • Myelin sheath (speeds signal)
    • Axon terminals (synapse with next neuron)

    Neuroglia Myelination

    • Oligodendrocytes: CNS, form several sheaths around multiple axons
    • Schwann cells: PNS, form one myelin sheath around one section of an axon
    • Myelin sheath insulates axon, increasing signal speed.
    • Multiple sclerosis is caused by the degradation of oligodendrocytes.

    White versus Gray Matter

    • White matter: appears white due to the lipid-rich myelin sheath, transmits signals between different CNS regions.
    • Gray matter: contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons, appears grayish because of lack of myelin and the presence of many cell bodies.

    Nervous System Functional Overview

    • Motor: nerves that send signals from the CNS to target organs.
    • Sensory: nerves that bring signals from the periphery to the CNS.
    • Autonomic: involuntary control of viscera (organs and glands).
      • Sympathetic: "fight or flight" response
      • Parasympathetic: "rest and digest" response
    • Somatic: voluntary motor control and peripheral sensation (e.g., touch, movement).

    Neuronal Synapse

    • It's a junction between two nerve cells (neurons), or a neuron and a target organ.
    • Neurotransmitters are released and travel across the synaptic cleft.
    • Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron inducing a new nerve impulse, creating a physiological response.

    Spinal Cord

    • The spinal cord terminates at L2 level
    • The cauda equina are spinal nerves that branch out from the spinal cord below the end of the spinal cord to target areas below. They are named and arranged accordingly (e.g. lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal areas).

    Spinal Cord Meninges

    • Pia mater: delicate, inner layer
    • Arachnoid mater: thin, middle layer
    • Dura mater: tough, outer layer
    • The spinal cord is wrapped in these meninges to protect and anchor it.
    • A lumbar puncture is performed to collect cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space.

    Spinal Nerves

    • Spinal nerves are like the trunks of trees, with roots and rootlets anchoring them to the spinal cord.
    • Branching rami (branches) extend into the periphery.
    • Everything distal to the spinal nerve contains both motor and sensory information.
    • Everything proximal to the spinal nerve contains either motor or sensory information.

    Plexuses and Peripheral Nerves

    • Spinal nerves mix to create complex peripheral nerve maps, contributing to multiple dermatomes.

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • A component of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
    • Involuntary control of viscera (internal organs and glands)
    • Two-neuron system: presynaptic neuron in CNS, postsynaptic neuron in the periphery
      • Sympathetic: "fight or flight":
      • Parasympathetic: "rest or digest"; cranial nerves & sacral spinal levels

    Sympathetic Pathways

    • Originate in thoracic and lumbar spinal cord (T1-L2/L3)
    • Two neuron system (preganglionic and postganglionic neurons).
    • Preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine (ACh).
    • Postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine (NE) (or ACh for sweat glands).

    Referred Pain

    • The brain may misinterpret visceral pain as coming from the periphery (a confusion of somatic and visceral pathways).
    • The sympathetic nervous system is involved in the process.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functions of the brain with this quiz. Explore topics including the cerebellum, brain lobes, and the nervous system. Understanding these core concepts is essential for any neuroscience enthusiast.

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