2024 Physiology MCQ Module 2 Part 3

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Questions and Answers

Inhibition of neurons at some sites of the CNS does not involve

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) hyperpolarization of the membrane

Non-specific increase in conductance of the postsynaptic neuron to anions and cations (correct)

Release of the chemical transmitter glycine

Release of the transmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

During an IPSP a neuron cannot discharge an action potential

The most prominent neuropathological feature of Parkinson's disease is:

Loss of the basal ganglia

Loss of the striatal dopamine pathway to neostriatum and globus pallidus (correct)

None of the above

Loss of the serotonergic pathway to the frontal lobe

Loss of cholinergic pathway to the neostriatum and globus pallidus

Function of basal ganglia ?

Control of movements

all of the above (correct)

Planning and programming of movements

Cognition

Initiating movement

An MD/PhD student was recording responses in different cutaneous receptors and noted the following. One receptor was inactive until the skin temperature was increased to 33°C and then its firing rate continued to increase as the skin temperature was gradually raised to 45°C. A second receptor was inactive until the skin temperature reached 46°C. A third receptor was inactive at skin temperatures of 40°C, but then steadily increases its firing rate as skin temperature was lowered to 24°C. For each of these cases, classify the type of receptor and the nonselective cation channel that was possibly activated.

Receptor one is a thermal nociceptor and the channel activated was TRPA1; receptor two is a thermal nociceptor and the channel activated was TRPV1; receptor three was an innocuous cold receptor and the channel activated was TRPM8. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements with regard to a motor neuron is false?

Most of the inhibitory synapses are found on the dendrites. Signup and view all the answers

Which areas of the brain exert control over the autonomic nervous system? 1. cerebrum; 2. Cerebellum; 3. Hypothalamus; 4. Pons; 5. Medulla; 6. thalamus

2, 3, 4, 5 Signup and view all the answers

A 30-year-old man was seen by a neurologist because he had experienced prolonged episodes of tingling and numbness in his right arm. He underwent a neurologic exam to evaluate his sensory nervous system. Which of the following cutaneous mechanoreceptors is correctly paired with the type of stimulus to which it is most apt to respond?

Pacinian corpuscle and rapid vibration Signup and view all the answers

The extra-hypothalamic sites associated with control of parasympathetic outflow include all the following except

raphe nuclei Signup and view all the answers

With a lesion of the corticospinal tract the greatest deficit will be noted in which one of the following areas?

The hand. Signup and view all the answers

Onset of Parkinson's disease is usually between:

40-70 yrs Signup and view all the answers

A 23-year-old woman fell asleep on the beach while sunbathing. She awoke a few hours later to find that she had a very bad sunburn. That evening while taking a shower, the lukewarm water (40°C) touching her back caused her to feel pain. What types of receptors were activated by the lukewarm water and why did she experience pain?

Thermal nociceptors and allodynia Signup and view all the answers

The most prominent feature of Huntington's disease is:

Involuntary choreiform movement and dementia Signup and view all the answers

Surgery to the thalamus and the globus pallidus in Parkinson's disease has the effect of:

Reducing tremor at rest and rigidity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the light/ reflex is correct?

Damage to the oculomotor nerve could lead to failure of the pupillary light reflex Signup and view all the answers

Types of cerebral edema include the following EXCEPT:

Interstitial type with inflow of CSF into intraventricular space from interstitium of brain as seen in meningitis and hydrocephalus Signup and view all the answers

An 11-year-old boy was having difficulty reading the graphs that his teacher was showing at the front of classroom. His teacher recommended he be seen by an ophthalmologist. Not only was he asked to look at a Snellen letter chart for visual acuity but he was also asked to identify numbers in an Ishihara chart. He responded that he merely saw a bunch of dots. Abnormal color vision is 20 times more common in males than females because most cases are caused by an abnormal

recessive gene on the X chromosome. Signup and view all the answers

The single most important hypothalamic nucleus of the central autonomic network is the

paraventricular nucleus (PVN) Signup and view all the answers

The fovea allows for increase visual acuity by which of the following specializations:

high ratio of photoreceptors to ganglion cells Signup and view all the answers

A 32-year-old man was brought to the emergency department after being found comatose by his wife. The resident in the emergency department assessed his pupillary light reflex as a useful gauge of his brainstem function. He found that when the light was shone into his left eye, neither pupil constricted; but when the light was shone in his right eye, both pupils constricted. The physician determined that damage was within

the left optic nerve. Signup and view all the answers

The following are true about the CSF circulation EXCЕРТ:

Blockage of the arachnoid granulation causes communicating hydrocephalus. Signup and view all the answers

What sensory pathway carries light touch and proprioception?

Medial lemniscus Signup and view all the answers

A patient has the sudden onset of inability to talk. He understands what is said to him but can only say "if only" and "oh no." Where is the lesion?

Left inferior frontal gyrus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statement about brain function is false?

Cerebellar lesions cannot affect speech Signup and view all the answers

Chronic administration of the following types of drugs would lead to a sustained increase in serum gastrin levels:

Proton pump inhibitor Signup and view all the answers

A 28-year-old man with severe myopia made an appointment to see his ophthalmologist when he began to notice flashing lights and floaters in his visual field. He was diagnosed with a retinal detachment. The inner nuclear layer of the retina is comprised of

bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells. Signup and view all the answers

Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder that is

Autosomal dominant Signup and view all the answers

A young adult man presents to the A&E in coma after traumatic brain injury. The following is FALSE about the cell junctions involved as shown in Figure 8:

Selective permeability of the brain capillaries enhanced by the gap junctions is lost Signup and view all the answers

A medical student was doing research in a sensory neurophysiology laboratory. In preparation for his research, the principal investigator of the laboratory asked him to compare the four basic attributes of a stimulus to sensory receptors. The four attributes of sensory coding are

adequate threshold, receptive field, adaptation, and projection. Signup and view all the answers

The opening of K+ channels produces a in hair cells because of the concentration of K+ in the endolymph and the endocochlear potential.

depolarization; high; negative Signup and view all the answers

The following are pain sensitive structures except:

Vestibulocochlear nerve. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Question 72

Inhibition of neurons in the CNS does not involve the release of the chemical transmitter glycine.
Inhibition involves the release of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Inhibition also involves a non-specific increase in postsynaptic neuron conductance to anions and cations.
Inhibition results in an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), which hyperpolarizes the membrane.

Question 73

The most prominent neuropathological feature of Parkinson's disease is the loss of the striatal dopamine pathway to the neostriatum and globus pallidus.

Question 74

Basal ganglia are involved in controlling movements.
Basal ganglia plan and program movements.
Basal ganglia are involved in cognition.
Basal ganglia initiate movements.

Question 75

Receptor one is an innocuous warm receptor and the channel activated was TRPV3.
Receptor two is a thermal nociceptor and the channel activated was TRPV1.
Receptor three is an innocuous cold receptor and the channel activated was TRPM8.

Question 76

The statement that is false regarding a motor neuron is that most inhibitory synapses are found on the dendrites.

Question 77

Areas of the brain that exert control over the autonomic nervous system include the cerebrum, hypothalamus, pons, medulla, and thalamus..

Question 78

Increased sensitivity to light and nausea are most likely caused by a hypertensive crisis from eating foods high in tyramine while taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.

Question 79

Meissner's corpuscles respond to skin stretch.
Ruffini corpuscles respond to sustained pressure.
Merkel cells respond to slow vibrations.
Pacinian corpuscles respond to rapid vibrations.
Naked nerve endings respond to touch.

Question 80

Extra-hypothalamic sites associated with parasympathetic outflow include the central nucleus of the amygdala, parabrachial nucleus, and dorsal sensory nucleus of the vagus.
Raphe nuclei are excluded.

Question 81

Lesions of the corticospinal tract result in the greatest deficit in the hand.

Question 82

The typical onset of Parkinson's disease is between 50 and 70 years of age.

Question 83

Warm water (40°C) activates innocuous thermal receptors and leads to hyperalgesia.
Hot or cold water activating receptors can cause pain because of the hyperalgesia response.

Question 84

The most prominent feature of Huntington's disease is involuntary choreiform movements and dementia.

Question 85

Surgery to the thalamus and globus pallidus in Parkinson's disease can result in reducing tremor and rigidity.

Question 86

Damage to the oculomotor nerve can result in failure of the pupillary light reflex.
Contraction of the sphincter muscle is mediated by adrenergic sympathetic innervation.

Question 87

Cerebral edema types include cellular (injury to glial, endothelial, and neuronal cells), osmotic (water pulled from plasma), cytotoxic (injury where cells lack homeostasis), and vasogenic (disruption of the blood-brain barrier).
Interstitial type is not a type of cerebral edema.

Question 88

Abnormal color vision is 20 times more common in males than females due to abnormal recessive genes on the X chromosome.

Question 89

The single most important hypothalamic nucleus in the central autonomic network is the paraventricular nucleus.

Question 90

The fovea's increased visual acuity is due to the high ratio of photoreceptors to ganglion cells.

Question 91

Damage to the left oculomotor nerve results in the left pupil not constricting in response to light.

Question 92

Arachnoid granulations are in contact with the endothelium of the venous sinus and absorb cerebrospinal fluid.
The ventricular system communicates with the subarachnoid space.
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by modified ependymal cells in the choroid plexus.
Blocked arachnoid granulations can cause communicating hydrocephalous.

Question 93

The medial lemniscus pathway carries light touch and proprioception.

Question 94

A lesion in the left superior temporal gyrus or both the superior and inferior frontal gyri can result in the inability to speak.

Question 95

Cerebellar lesions cannot affect speech; loss of ability to recognize an object by touch may be due to a lesion in the opposite parietal lobe; damage to Broca's area does not prevent voluntary movement of lips and tongue; damage to Wernicke's area can lead to an inability for speech understanding; and in sleep, the natural activity of the brain is reduced.

Question 96

Antacids, H2 receptor antagonists, and proton pump inhibitors do not lead to sustained increases in gastrin levels.

Question 97

The inner nuclear layer of the retina is composed of bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells.

Question 98

Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder that is autosomal dominant.

Question 99

Propagation of neuronal action potentials in the brain is facilitated by gap junctions.
Blood-brain barriers are compromised due to disruption of tight junctions.
Brain tissue strength and stability are compromised.
Selective permeability of brain capillaries is reduced, decreasing functionality of gap junctions.
Small molecules and second messengers still travel.

Question 100

Sensory coding attributes are modality, location, intensity, and duration.

Question 101

The opening of K+ channels in inner hair cells generates a depolarization due to the high concentration of potassium in the endolymph.

Question 102

The oculomotor nerve is not a pain sensitive structure.

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