Neuroscience Quiz: Broca's Area and More
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Questions and Answers

Damage to Broca's area, as seen in Hank's case, primarily affects which function?

  • Processing and understanding spoken language.
  • Motor control of speech and word retrieval. (correct)
  • Visual acuity and depth perception.
  • Sensory perception of pain and temperature.

    • In Brown-Sequard syndrome, as experienced by Steve, a lesion on one side of the spinal cord typically results in:

  • Contralateral weakness and ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation.
  • Loss of proprioception and vibration sense on both sides of the body.
  • Ipsilateral weakness and contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation. (correct)
  • Bilateral loss of motor function and sensory perception below the lesion.

    • Which characteristic is most indicative of multiple sclerosis (MS) as described in the text?

  • Damage specifically located within the peripheral nervous system.
  • Interruption of signals within the central nervous system due to variable lesion locations. (correct)
  • Progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem.
  • A predictable and uniform pattern of neurological deficits across all patients.

    • Which of the following cell types is classified as a macroglia?

    <p>Astrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ependymal cells within the nervous system?

    <p>Lining the ventricles of the brain and aiding in CSF circulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Within the context of neuronal communication, what accurately describes the role of the postsynaptic neuron?

    <p>It receives signals from the presynaptic neuron. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is exclusively part of the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Spinal cord. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a crucial component defining the junction between two communicating neurons?

    <p>Synapse. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is considered part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) despite being encased by the vertebral column?

    <p>Cauda equina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves are the exception to the rule that cranial nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Olfactory (I) and Optic (II) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the function of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plane of section would divide the brain into anterior and posterior portions?

    <p>Coronal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the spinal cord, what type of information is primarily processed in the dorsal horns?

    <p>Sensory input from the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a part of the brainstem?

    <p>Cerebellum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    <p>To provide structural support, cushion, and remove waste from the CNS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most intimate layer of the meninges?

    <p>Pia mater (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical significance of a 'decussation' in the central nervous system?

    <p>Damage on one side of the brain may manifest on the opposite side of the body. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes white matter of the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>A collection of neuronal axons with myelin sheaths, found in the inner portions of the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the meninges is avascular?

    <p>Arachnoid mater (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    <p>Supplying nutrients, collecting waste products, and cushioning the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the anterior two-thirds of the spinal cord?

    <p>Anterior spinal artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries form the basilar artery?

    <p>Vertebral arteries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is supplied by the posterior cerebral artery (PCA)?

    <p>Occipital lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)?

    <p>Brief, focal loss of brain function with full recovery within 24 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of an Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)?

    <p>Developmental abnormality with artery or vein connections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the blood-brain barrier do?

    <p>Prevents pathogens from reaching the CNS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does oxygen consumption increase from the brainstem to the cortex?

    <p>Higher order functioning areas need more energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using a CT scan, what color does bone show up as?

    <p>Bright White (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of meningioma?

    <p>Seizures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by diffuse damage?

    <p>Widespread throughout the brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of scan shows metabolic function?

    <p>PET Scan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between overt and occult hydrocephalus

    <p>Overt is when the head enlarges, occult is when the head remains normal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following events can affect the nervous system?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves does not attach to the pons?

    <p>IX (Glossopharyngeal) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the primary function of the ventral horn of the spinal gray matter?

    <p>Motor control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)?

    <p>Control of the level of consciousness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron is commonly found in sensory spinal nerves and cranial nerve I?

    <p>Unipolar/Pseudounipolar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the primary function of dendrites?

    <p>Detecting stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures contains all of the motor tracts?

    <p>Pyramids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following portions of the neuron is also known as the trigger zone?

    <p>Axon hillock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the effector zone of the reticular formation?

    <p>Comprises the medial 2/3 of the RF (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the internal organization of the midbrain, pons, and medulla, which of the following is not a major component?

    <p>Cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of gated channels within the neuron's plasma membrane?

    <p>They open and close to regulate ion flow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)?

    <p>Detailed imaging of white matter tracts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuroimaging technique is MOST suitable for visualizing blood vessels with high detail after injecting a contrast medium?

    <p>Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spinal cord extends from the medulla oblongata to which vertebral level?

    <p>L1/L2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures contains cell bodies and a rich capillary network within the spinal cord?

    <p>Gray matter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements BEST describes a myotome?

    <p>A group of muscles primarily innervated by the motor fibers of a single nerve root. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuroimaging method provides detailed images of soft tissues, while also detecting tumors, infections, and multiple sclerosis lesions?

    <p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the filum terminale?

    <p>To adhere the bottom of the spinal cord to the coccyx. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which spinal level is the cervical enlargement located, giving rise to the brachial plexus?

    <p>C4-T1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary characteristic of a vertical lesion in the spinal cord?

    <p>Interruption of communication between ascending and descending information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) contain?

    <p>Sensory neuron cell bodies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The motor fibers of a single nerve root primarily innervate which of the following?

    <p>Myotome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions can be assessed using Functional MRI (fMRI)?

    <p>Changes in blood flow related to brain function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following imaging techniques is contraindicated in patients with metal implants?

    <p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient has weakness in their deltoid muscle. Which spinal nerve root is MOST likely affected?

    <p>C5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuroimaging scan is BEST for detecting an ischemic stroke?

    <p>Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial effect of an inhibitory local potential on the likelihood of generating an action potential?

    <p>It decreases the likelihood by causing hyperpolarization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes temporal summation?

    <p>The integration of multiple potentials at the same site at different times. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the summation of local potentials at the axon hillock is sufficient to reach the threshold?

    <p>Na+ voltage-gated channels open and Na+ rushes into the cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of hyperpolarization following repolarization in a neuron?

    <p>It prevents the neuron from receiving another stimulus or raises the threshold for another stimulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the soma of a neuron remains intact after axonal damage, what potential outcome is possible?

    <p>Axonal regeneration and eventual functional recovery, given the right conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature that distinguishes the absolute refractory period from the relative refractory period?

    <p>During the absolute refractory period, a neuron cannot respond to any stimulus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary function of organelles within a nerve cell?

    <p>Manufacturing neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does a larger axon diameter increase conduction velocity?

    <p>It reduces internal resistance to ion flow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of myelin in neuronal conduction?

    <p>To increase speed of action potential propagation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of microtubules and neurofilaments within a neuron?

    <p>Forming the cytoskeleton and facilitating axoplasmic transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between anterograde and retrograde axoplasmic transport?

    <p>Anterograde transport moves substances toward the axon terminal, while retrograde transport moves them toward the soma. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of saltatory conduction?

    <p>Action potentials jump between Nodes of Ranvier. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines the size of postsynaptic potentials (PSPs)?

    <p>The amount of neurotransmitter released and the number of open ion channels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the crucial function of astrocytes in the nervous system?

    <p>Maintaining nerve signals, protecting the blood-brain barrier, and secreting neurotrophic growth factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are glial scars and how are they related to astrocytes?

    <p>A type of scar tissue formed by astrocytes in response to damage where repair by the astrocyte is not possible (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between temporal and spatial summation of EPSPs?

    <p>Temporal summation involves rapid, successive firing of the same fiber, while spatial summation involves activation of multiple inputs simultaneously (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Forming and maintaining myelin sheaths around CNS axons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is convergence, regarding neuronal synaptic connections?

    <p>A neuron receives input from many other neurons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing feature regarding how oligodendrocytes myelinate axons?

    <p>One oligodendrocyte can myelinate segments of multiple CNS axons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synapse involves a presynaptic terminal synapsing with the cell body of a postsynaptic neuron?

    <p>Axosomatic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

    <p>Forming myelin sheaths around axons in the PNS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is classified as inhibitory?

    <p>Glycine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary role do satellite cells play in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

    <p>Surrounding cell bodies in PNS ganglia and playing a role in metabolism of ganglion cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates a neurotransmitter from a neuromodulator?

    <p>Neurotransmitters act on adjacent neurons, while neuromodulators can affect many neurons broadly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ionotropic receptors?

    <p>To directly allow the passage of ions across the cell membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ependymal cells?

    <p>Lining the central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best characterizes the function of microglia in the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>They provide defense against infection, clean up debris, and act as the CNS immune system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cell membrane physiology, what is the function of non-gated ion channels?

    <p>They are always open, allowing diffusion of a small number of ions for the resting membrane state. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the sodium-potassium ($Na^+/K^+$) pump contribute to maintaining the resting membrane potential?

    <p>By actively transporting 3 $Na^+$ ions out of the cell and 2 $K^+$ ions into the cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a receptor (generator) potential that distinguishes it from an action potential?

    <p>It is a local, graded potential that decays with distance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What directly mobilizes vesicles in the chemical synaptic transmission process, leading to the release of neurotransmitters?

    <p>Influx of $Ca^{2+}$ ions through voltage-gated channels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of acetylcholinesterase in synaptic transmission?

    <p>Breaking down acetylcholine into inactive components. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the function of G proteins in metabotropic neurotransmission?

    <p>Activating effector proteins that initiate secondary messenger cascades. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptor actions?

    <p>Ionotropic receptors directly open ion channels; metabotropic receptors act indirectly via second messengers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of synaptic vesicles in neurotransmission?

    <p>Storing and protecting neurotransmitters from enzymatic breakdown. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of primary afferent neurons in the somatosensory system?

    <p>They have a peripheral process that extends to receptors and a central process that enters the CNS. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an interoceptor?

    <p>A receptor in the wall of the digestive tract that responds to pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Myasthenia Gravis, which component of the neuromuscular junction is primarily affected by the autoimmune response?

    <p>Acetylcholine receptors on the muscle cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an agonist from an antagonist in the context of neurotransmitter action?

    <p>An agonist promotes the effects of a neurotransmitter, while an antagonist impedes those effects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of prethalamic relay neurons in the somatosensory pathway?

    <p>To synapse with primary afferent neurons and decussate before projecting to the thalamus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following somatosensory receptors is NOT an encapsulated receptor?

    <p>Nociceptors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Thalamocortical projection fibers?

    <p>Relay ascending sensory information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical method of inactivation for GABA, Glutamate, and Glycine neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft?

    <p>Reuptake by the presynaptic terminal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the somatosensory system transmit information about the external environment to the brain?

    <p>By converting environmental energy into electrical signals via receptors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of somatosensation involves an inner joint sense, providing awareness of body position in space?

    <p>Proprioception. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mechanism by which long-term potentiation (LTP) strengthens synaptic connections?

    <p>Conversion of silent synapses into active synapses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of long-term depression (LTD) on the postsynaptic membrane?

    <p>Decreased likelihood of depolarization following glutamate release. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) play in neural plasticity?

    <p>Supporting the survival of existing neurons and encouraging the growth of new neurons and synapses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes experience-expectant plasticity?

    <p>Changes in the organization of the CNS during development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does suturing an eye during the critical period for vision affect the development of ocular dominance columns?

    <p>The ocular dominance columns develop a response to the non-sutured eye. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome is most likely when intervention with cochlear implants is delayed beyond the critical period for hearing?

    <p>More limited development of the auditory cortex and hearing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in cortical map plasticity when a digit is removed, based on animal experimentation?

    <p>The cortical areas redistribute, and areas adjacent to the removed digit expand. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Following a stroke, reorganization during recovery is usually?

    <p>Within the affected system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the observed influence of exercise on BDNF in animal models?

    <p>Exercise increases BDNF mRNA and protein levels in areas such as the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT)?

    <p>Restraining the unaffected extremity to force use of the affected extremity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of sensory exams in neurological testing?

    <p>To establish the presence, location, type, and severity of sensory impairment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sensory testing, what does 'distal to proximal' refer to?

    <p>Testing sensation from the ends of the limbs towards the torso. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors would LEAST likely influence the accuracy of sensory testing?

    <p>Ambient room temperature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to explain the sensory testing procedure to the patient with their eyes open before occluding their vision?

    <p>To allow the patient to understand what the stimulus feels like on an area of presumed intact sensation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sensory modalities is tested using test tubes with cold and hot water?

    <p>Temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When testing light touch and tactile localization, what should the patient be asked to do while their eyes are closed?

    <p>Describe or point to where they feel the touch. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When assessing sharp/dull sensation, why is it important to introduce the stimuli to an unaffected area first?

    <p>To establish a baseline and ensure the patient understands the difference between sharp and dull. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In conscious proprioception testing, how should the segment of the body being tested be held?

    <p>At a right angle to the intended direction of movement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of neural plasticity?

    <p>The ability of the nervous system to change its structure, function, or chemical profiles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between 'recovery' and 'compensation' in the context of neurological rehabilitation?

    <p>Recovery involves restoration of damaged functions, while compensation uses unaffected systems to perform tasks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cellular process is MOST closely associated with experience-dependent plasticity?

    <p>Increases or decreases in the number of synapses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cellular process is essential for long-lasting changes in the strength of synapses and is heavily involved in learning and memory?

    <p>Long-term potentiation (LTP) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following changes are required for experience-dependent plasticity to occur?

    <p>Synthesis of new proteins, growth of new synapses, and modifications of existing synapses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    While documenting sensory testing results, listing intact, decreased/impaired, exaggerated, inaccurate, absent, and inconsistent options best reflects which aspect of the results?

    <p>Grading (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is LEAST likely to be associated with changes in sensory integrity?

    <p>Upper respiratory infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes rapidly adapting (phasic) receptors from slowly adapting (tonic) receptors?

    <p>Rapidly adapting receptors stop firing quickly after the stimulus is removed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of proprioceptors?

    <p>Sense static muscle length and limb movement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sensory receptors are responsible for detecting tissue-damaging stimuli?

    <p>Nociceptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sensory pathway is responsible for transmitting discriminative tactile sensations to the cerebral cortex?

    <p>Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus system (DCML) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the primary afferent neurons receive their stimulation?

    <p>From the stimulus at the receptor field. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of cutaneous receptor fields is true regarding their size and density?

    <p>Receptive fields are smaller distally than proximally. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sensory axon fiber has the slowest conduction velocity?

    <p>C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a generator potential affect neuronal signaling?

    <p>It generates an electrical impulse only if it reaches a certain threshold. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of joint mechanoreceptors?

    <p>Respond to mechanical deformation in joint capsules and ligaments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the dorsal column-medial lemniscus system from the spinothalamic tract?

    <p>The pathways differ in types of sensations carried and point of crossing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes axons crossing the midline to connect equivalent areas of the central nervous system?

    <p>Commissures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cerebral lobe is primarily responsible for processing visual information?

    <p>Occipital lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thalamus?

    <p>Relaying sensory and motor information to the cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The arcuate fasciculus connects which two key language areas?

    <p>Broca's area and Wernicke's area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and regulating functions such as temperature, hunger, and thirst?

    <p>Hypothalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers connect different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere?

    <p>Association fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subcortical structure is associated with the regulation of muscle movement and is affected in Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Basal Ganglia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the pineal gland located, and what is its primary function?

    <p>Epithalamus; circadian rhythms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the cerebellum?

    <p>Coordination and motor learning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following regions contains the primary motor cortex?

    <p>Precentral gyrus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to the brainstem is most likely to affect what?

    <p>Vital functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the primary somatosensory area?

    <p>Processes any sensory signal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe?

    <p>Lateral fissure/sulcus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathway links superior and inferior regions of the CNS?

    <p>Projection pathways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best describes the sensory functions of the cerebellum?

    <p>Unconscious proprioception (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the DCML pathway in somatosensory processing?

    <p>Processing discriminative touch and proprioception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is responsible for 'fast' nociception in the anterolateral system?

    <p>A-delta fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to sensory signals in spinal cord lesions such as Brown-Sequard syndrome?

    <p>Contralateral loss of pain and temperature, ipsilateral loss of touch and proprioception (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the nervous system do the primary free nerve endings primarily reside?

    <p>Peripheral nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sensory modalities are affected by a posterior column lesion?

    <p>Discriminative touch and vibration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of demyelination in the context of peripheral nerve function?

    <p>Severe effects on proprioception and vibratory sense (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the thalamus is responsible for processing somatosensation from the face?

    <p>Ventral posteromedial Thalamus (VPM) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the spinocerebellar tracts?

    <p>Relay of touch and pressure information for movement correction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does acute pain differ from chronic pain?

    <p>Chronic pain may occur without tissue damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sensory pathway is primarily responsible for the transmission of light touch sensations?

    <p>DCML pathway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the fast conduction mechanism in nociception?

    <p>Fast conduction is mediated by myelinated A-delta fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the role of the paralleled ascending system?

    <p>Carries sensory information related to autonomic functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sensory fibers primarily sense temperature and crude touch?

    <p>A-delta fibers (A), C fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurological condition is associated with the varicella-zoster virus affecting the sensory nerve roots?

    <p>Shingles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between acute pain and chronic pain?

    <p>Acute pain serves a protective function, while chronic pain does not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes nociception?

    <p>Nociception can occur independently of pain perception. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does substance P play in pain modulation?

    <p>It enhances the nociceptive signal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the gate-control theory of pain?

    <p>To illustrate how non-painful stimuli can inhibit painful sensations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic pain is characterized by which of the following?

    <p>A hypersensitive nervous system that amplifies pain signals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation can referred pain occur?

    <p>When the pain is perceived in a body part different from its site of origin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of pain assessment in clinical practice?

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    Which system in the body is responsible for the antinociceptive effects?

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    What is a common cause of enhanced symptoms in fibromyalgia?

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    What characteristic distinguishes fast nociception from slow nociception?

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    What happens to pain pathways in conditions of chronic pain?

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    Which of the following is a symptom of altered sensory processing?

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    How does acute pain typically serve the body?

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    Flashcards

    Expressive Aphasia

    A communication disorder with difficulty in word retrieval despite intact thought processes.

    Broca's Area

    A region in the frontal lobe responsible for speech production.

    Brown-Sequard Syndrome

    A condition from spinal cord injury affecting one side of the body.

    Neuron

    A nerve cell that transmits signals throughout the body.

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    Neuroglia

    Supporting cells in the nervous system that outnumber neurons.

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    Presynaptic Neuron

    The neuron that sends information in a synaptic transmission.

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    Postsynaptic Neuron

    The neuron that receives information from the presynaptic neuron.

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    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    Part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

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    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    Nerves outside the CNS, including cranial nerves except I and II.

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    Somatic Nervous System

    Controls voluntary muscles in the body.

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    Autonomic Nervous System

    Controls involuntary functions like smooth muscle and glands.

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    Sympathetic Division

    Part of the autonomic system; triggers fight or flight response.

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    Parasympathetic Division

    Part of the autonomic system; promotes rest and digest.

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    Meninges

    Protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.

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    Gray Matter

    Part of the CNS with neuronal cell bodies and dendrites.

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    White Matter

    Inner CNS composed of axons, includes myelin sheaths.

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    Decussation

    Crossing of axons from one CNS side to another.

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    Commissure

    Axons that cross from one side of the CNS to the other side.

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    Afferent

    Nerve signals traveling towards the brain/CNS, usually sensory information.

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    Efferent

    Nerve signals traveling away from the brain/CNS, mainly for voluntary movements.

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    Gyri and Sulci

    Bumps and grooves on the brain's surface, respectively.

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    Frontal Lobe

    Brain area responsible for planning, language expression, and speech.

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    Parietal Lobe

    Brain area that acts as the primary sensory region.

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    Thalamus

    Relay station for sensory and motor information to the cortex.

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    Hypothalamus

    Regulates homeostasis and visceral actions, connected to the endocrine system.

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    Cerebellum

    Part of the brain involved in coordination and balance; contains two hemispheres.

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    Corpus Callosum

    Major white matter tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.

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    Primary Motor Area

    Part of the cortex sending signals for voluntary movements.

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    Brodmann’s Area

    52 designated cortical locations mapped based on function and structure.

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    Basal Ganglia

    Nuclei deep within the brain regulating and controlling movements.

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    Cerebral Cortex

    Outermost layer of the brain handling higher order functions.

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    Projection Fibers

    Connect different areas of the brain and spinal cord; relays signals top down or bottom up.

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    Focal Damage

    Damage in one specific area of the nervous system.

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    Multifocal Damage

    Damage occurring in more than one area of the nervous system.

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    Diffuse Damage

    Widespread damage throughout the brain.

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    Dura Mater

    The tough, outermost layer of the meninges.

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    Arachnoid Mater

    The middle layer of the meninges, thin and avascular.

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    Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

    Clear fluid that cushions and nourishes the brain.

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    Hydrocephalus

    Accumulation of CSF in the ventricles due to imbalance in production or absorption.

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    Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

    Brief loss of brain function with recovery within 24 hours.

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    Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

    Neurological deficit lasting over a day due to a vascular disorder.

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    Circle of Willis

    An anastomosis of arteries supplying blood to the brain.

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    Blood-Brain Barrier

    A selective barrier preventing pathogens from entering the CNS.

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    Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

    Imaging technique using radioactive material to visualize brain metabolic function.

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    Aneurysm

    Dilation of an artery wall, leading to a risk of rupture.

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    Cerebral Arteries

    Arteries supplying blood to different areas of the brain.

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    Axonal Regeneration

    The ability of a neuron to regenerate axons if the soma is intact.

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    Axoplasmic Transport

    The bidirectional movement of substances between the cell body and axon terminal.

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    Astrocytes

    Star-shaped neuroglial cells that maintain nerve signals and protect the blood-brain barrier.

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    Oligodendrocytes

    Neuroglial cells responsible for forming and maintaining myelin sheaths in the CNS.

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    Schwann Cells

    Neuroglia that form myelin sheaths around axons in the PNS.

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    Blood-CSF Barrier

    Barrier formed by ependymal cells that helps regulate the composition of cerebral spinal fluid.

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    Microglia

    Glial cells that act as the immune system of the CNS, cleaning up debris.

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    Resting Membrane Potential

    The electrical state of a neuron when not transmitting signals, typically -65mV.

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    Depolarization

    The process where the neuron becomes less negative inside, moving toward action potential.

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    Hyperpolarization

    When the inside of the neuron becomes more negative than the resting state.

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    Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

    A technique using a strong magnetic field to create detailed images of soft tissues in the body.

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    Generator Potential

    A local change in electrical potential that transduces environmental stimuli into information.

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    Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)

    An imaging technique that visualizes blood vessels using a contrast medium.

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    Blood Oxygen Level Dependent MRI (BOLD MRI)

    A type of MRI that measures brain activity by detecting changes in oxygen consumption.

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    Modality-Gated Channels

    Ion channels that open in response to specific types of stimuli like pressure or chemicals.

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    Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

    An MRI technique that measures the diffusion of water in brain tissue to visualize white matter tracts.

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    Ligand-Gated Channels

    Channels that open when neurotransmitters bind to their receptors.

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    Voltage-Gated Channels

    Channels that open in response to changes in membrane potential due to electrical signals.

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    Functional MRI (fMRI)

    An MRI that tracks changes in blood flow to assess brain activity during specific tasks.

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    Electroencephalography (EEG)

    A non-imaging test that records electrical activity in the brain via scalp electrodes.

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    Spinal Cord

    The long bundle of nervous tissue extending from the medulla to the L1/L2 vertebra.

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    Cervical Enlargement

    The enlarged region of the spinal cord responsible for nerve supply to the upper limbs.

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    Lumbar Enlargement

    The section of the spinal cord that supplies nerves to the lower limbs.

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    Conus Medullaris

    The tapered end of the spinal cord, typically situated at L1-L2.

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    Cauda Equina

    A bundle of spinal nerves and roots at the lower end of the spinal cord, resembling a horse's tail.

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    Dermatome

    The area of skin innervated by sensory fibers from a single spinal nerve root.

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    Myotome

    The set of muscles innervated by motor fibers from a single spinal nerve root.

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    Segmental vs. Vertical Organization

    Segmental relates to spinal nerves; vertical pertains to pathways ascending and descending in the spinal cord.

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    Gray Matter vs. White Matter

    Gray matter contains neuronal cell bodies; white matter contains myelinated axons for communication.

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    Slowly Adapting Receptors

    Receptors that continue firing as long as a stimulus is present; includes proprioceptors.

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    Rapidly Adapting Receptors

    Receptors that stop firing quickly after the stimulus is applied or withdrawn; includes Pacinian corpuscles.

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    Mechanoreceptors

    Receptors that respond to mechanical deformation, such as touch and pressure.

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    Nociceptors

    Receptors that respond to tissue-damaging stimuli, typically interpreted as pain.

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    Proprioceptors

    Sensory receptors located in muscles and tendons that detect body position and movement.

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    Muscle Spindles

    Type of proprioceptor sensitive to stretching and lengthening of muscles.

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    Golgi Tendon Organs

    Proprioceptors located at the junction of muscle and tendon; sensitive to muscle tension.

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    Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus System

    Pathway for carrying tactile sensation and proprioception from receptors to the cerebral cortex.

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    Spinothalamic Tract

    Pathway for carrying nociceptive and temperature information to the brain.

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    Afferent Nerves

    Nerve fibers that carry sensory information to the CNS from receptors.

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    Local Potentials

    Initial change in membrane potential; first step in transmission.

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    Excitatory Potential

    Increases the likelihood of generating an action potential.

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    Inhibitory Potential

    Decreases the likelihood of generating an action potential.

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    Summation

    The process of integrating multiple potentials.

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    Threshold

    The level of excitability needed to fire an impulse.

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    Action Potential

    A rapid change in membrane potential that occurs if threshold is reached.

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    Saltatory Conduction

    The process of action potentials jumping from node to node in myelinated axons.

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    Excitatory Post Synaptic Potentials (EPSPs)

    Local depolarization in the postsynaptic neuron caused by excitatory neurotransmitters.

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    Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potentials (IPSPs)

    Local hyperpolarization in the postsynaptic neuron due to inhibitory neurotransmitters.

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    Spatial Summation

    Simultaneous activation of multiple presynaptic inputs at different locations.

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    Neurotransmitters

    Chemicals released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft to affect postsynaptic neurons.

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    Neuromodulators

    Substances that modulate the activity of neurotransmitters, affecting many neurons.

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    Pain as Brain Output

    Pain is always generated by the brain, regardless of injury.

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    Pain vs Tissue Damage

    Pain does not equal the amount of tissue damage present.

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    Factors Influencing Pain

    Pain is affected by factors like mood, stress, and sleep.

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    Acute Pain Function

    Acute pain serves as a warning for potential harm or injury.

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    Chronic Pain Mechanism

    Chronic pain results from a hypersensitive nervous system and is not a danger signal.

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    Nociception

    Nociception is the sensory process that detects harmful stimuli.

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    Fast Nociception

    Fast nociception is sharp and well-localized, enduring briefly.

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    Slow Nociception

    Slow nociception is dull, persistent, and often accompanied by suffering.

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    Gate-Control Theory

    Pain can be modulated by stimulating other sensory pathways to 'close the gate' on pain signals.

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    Substance P

    Substance P is a neuropeptide involved in transmitting pain signals.

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    Antinociceptive Systems

    These are systems that suppress pain in response to otherwise painful stimuli.

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    Excitatory Neurotransmitter

    A neurotransmitter that increases the likelihood of a neuron firing.

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    Inhibitory Neurotransmitter

    A neurotransmitter that decreases the likelihood of a neuron firing.

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    Referred Pain

    Referred pain is perceived at a location different from the source of pain.

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    Allodynia

    Allodynia is when pain occurs from stimuli that normally do not provoke pain.

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    Metabotropic Receptors

    Receptors that activate ion channels indirectly via G proteins.

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    G Protein Coupled Receptor

    A receptor type that can be excitatory or inhibitory, involved in slow signaling.

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    Fibromyalgia

    Fibromyalgia is a condition characterized by widespread pain and sensitivity, often linked to altered pain processing.

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    Chemical Synaptic Transmission

    Process by which neurotransmitters are released and activate receptors.

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    Pain Assessment

    The most reliable indicator of pain intensity is the patient's self-report, using various scales.

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    Neurotransmitter Synthesis

    The creation of neurotransmitters from precursors and enzymes.

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    Exocytosis

    Process of neurotransmitter release from vesicles into the synaptic cleft.

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    Reuptake Mechanism

    The process where neurotransmitters are absorbed back into the presynaptic neuron.

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    Myasthenia Gravis

    An autoimmune disorder affecting communication between nerves and muscles.

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    Agonist

    A substance that promotes or mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.

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    Antagonist

    A substance that blocks or impedes the action of a neurotransmitter.

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    Somatosensation

    The collection of sensations including touch, temperature, and pain.

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    Proprioception

    The body's ability to sense its position and movement.

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    Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

    A lasting enhancement in synaptic strength following high-frequency stimulation.

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    Long-Term Depression (LTD)

    A lasting reduction in synaptic strength due to low-frequency stimulation or inactivity.

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    BDNF

    Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; a protein that supports neuron survival and growth.

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    Experience-Expectant Plasticity

    Changes in brain organization during development based on experiences.

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    Critical Period

    A specific time frame during which certain experiences must occur for proper development.

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    Cochlear Implants

    Devices that stimulate the auditory nerve to help individuals with hearing loss.

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    Cortical Map Plasticity

    The brain's ability to reorganize itself based on changes in sensory input or injury.

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    Synaptogenesis

    The formation of new synapses, critical for learning and recovery.

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    Habituation

    The decrease in response to a repeated benign stimulus over time.

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    Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT)

    A rehabilitation technique that forces use of an affected limb by restraining the unaffected one.

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    Somatosensory Pathways

    Afferent pathways for sensory information from the periphery to the cortex.

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    DCML Pathway

    Pathway responsible for discriminative touch, vibration, and proprioception.

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    Types of Nociceptors

    Four types: mechanical, thermal, chemically sensitive, polymodal.

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    Cerebellum Function

    Compares intended movements to actual movements for coordination.

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    Peripheral Nerve Lesion

    Pathology affecting one or more peripheral nerves leading to sensory loss.

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    Spinal Cord Injury

    Damage to the spinal cord affecting neural functions depending on the site.

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    Chronic Pain

    Pain lasting longer than expected for healing, may have no protective function.

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    Acute Pain

    Sudden pain with a clear cause, often protective in nature.

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    Hemisected Spinal Cord

    Condition causing motor and sensory loss on one side, affecting pain locally.

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    Thalamus Role

    Relay station for sensory and motor information processed for the cortex.

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    Nociceptive vs. Neuropathic Pain

    Nociceptive pain is due to injury, while neuropathic pain comes from nervous system malfunction.

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    Pain Processing Pathways

    Nociception pathways including neospinothalamic and paleospinothalamic systems.

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    Rexed’s Laminae

    A classification system dividing spinal gray matter into 10 histological regions based on structure and function.

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    Cranial Nerve V

    The trigeminal nerve, responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing.

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    Pyramidal Decussation

    The crossing of motor fibers in the medulla, leading to contralateral control of the body.

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    Reticular Formation (RF)

    A network of neurons in the brainstem crucial for arousal, consciousness, and autonomic functions.

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    Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)

    Part of the RF that helps regulate levels of consciousness from alertness to coma.

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    Unipolar Neurons

    Neurons with a single process extending from the soma, primarily found in sensory spinal nerves.

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    Dendrites

    Branch-like extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.

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    Axon Hillock

    The junction between the soma and the axon where action potentials are generated.

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    Complete Sensory Evaluation

    A thorough testing process to assess sensory function.

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    Differential Diagnosis

    Process of distinguishing one condition from another based on testing and history.

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    Conscious Relay Pathways

    Pathways that convey sensory information to the brain, including touch and proprioception.

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    Sensory Testing Guidelines

    Procedures that ensure accuracy and reliability during sensory evaluations.

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    Nociception Testing

    Assessing the ability to detect sharp and dull stimuli.

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    Temperature Sensation Testing

    Evaluation of the ability to sense hot and cold stimuli.

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    Neural Plasticity

    The brain's ability to change functions and structure based on experiences.

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    Recovery vs. Compensation

    Recovery is restoring damaged functions; compensation is using unaffected systems.

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    Experience-Dependent Plasticity

    Brain changes driven by learning and experiences, affecting synaptic strength.

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    Cutaneous Sensations

    Sensations detected through the skin, including touch and pain.

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    Sharp/Dull Discrimination

    Assessing the ability to differentiate between sharp and dull stimuli.

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    Sensory Pathways Overview

    Two main pathways for sensory information: DCML and Spinothalamic.

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    Grading Sensory Response

    Evaluation of sensory responses as normal, impaired, or absent.

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    Study Notes

    Overview of the Nervous System

    • The nervous system is broadly divided into the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
    • The CNS is encased by bone (skull and vertebrae); anything outside is the PNS (except the cauda equina).
    • Cranial nerves I and II remain within the cranium; cranial nerves III-XII exit the skull.
    • The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscles, while the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary actions (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands).
    • Autonomic system has sympathetic (fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest-and-digest) divisions.

    Cells of the Nervous System

    • Neurons (nerve cells) have a soma (cell body), axons, and dendrites.
    • Neuroglia (supporting cells) outnumber neurons. Macroglia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells) and microglia support neurons.
    • Ependymal cells line the brain's ventricles.
    • Synapses are the gaps between neurons where neurotransmitters are released.

    Communication between Neurons

    • Presynaptic neurons transmit information; postsynaptic neurons receive it.
    • Action potentials (nerve impulses) travel from cell to cell.

    Cranial Nerves

    • Cranial nerves III-XII exit the skull to innervate facial, head, and neck areas.

    Basic Design of the Adult Nervous System

    • Contains the central nervous system (CNS) & peripheral system (PNS) in addition to cell types (neurons & neuroglia).

    Brain Regions

    • Cerebrum: Hemispheres and basal ganglia, important for higher-order functions.
    • Diencephalon: Thalamus and hypothalamus, relay and homeostasis.
    • Cerebellum: Balance and coordination.
    • Brainstem: Midbrain, pons, medulla; vital functions and cranial nerve origination.

    Spinal Region

    • Spinal cord (foramen magnum to L1/L2): Conus medullaris and cauda equina.
    • Roots and rootlets (dorsal sensory and ventral motor).
    • Spinal nerves: Paired nerves at 31 segments.
    • Meninges: Protective coverings (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater).

    Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

    • CSF circulates in and around brain and spinal cord providing cushioning, nutrient delivery, and waste removal.

    Meninges and CSF Clinical Application

    • Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges
      • Symptoms include headache, fever, confusion, vomiting, and stiff neck.

    White and Gray Matter

    • Gray matter: Cell bodies and dendrites (outer cortex and basal ganglia).
    • White matter: Axons (inner portion of brain), myelin insulates axons

    Definitions

    • Tracts: Bundles of axons with the same origin, termination, and function.
    • Decussation: Axon crossing the midline.
    • Commissure: Axon crossing to the equivalent area on the opposite side.
    • Afferent: Towards CNS (sensory).
    • Efferent: Away from CNS (motor).
    • The terms Tract, Pathway, Lemniscus, Fasciculus, Column, Peduncle, Capsule are all bundles of axons.

    Major Regions of the CNS

    • The cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem

    Cerebral Structures

    • Cerebral cortex: Outermost layer of the brain (gray matter)
    • Subcortical structures: Internal capsule, basal ganglia, limbic system (white matter).

    Cerebellum Function

    • Coordination, regulation, and modulation of motor behavior

    Brainstem Functions

    • Vital functions (cardiovascular activity and respiration), conveys information from the cerebrum and spinal cord through tracts, consciousness, and cranial nerve nuclei origination.

    CNS Support Systems: Meninges, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Vascular Supply

    • Meninges: Cover the brain in layers providing protection (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)
    • Cerebrospinal fluid: Circulates in and around the CNS.
    • Vascular Supply: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves depend on continuous blood supply.

    Vascular Supply

    • Internal carotid arteries: Supply anterior, superior, and lateral cerebral hemispheres.
    • Vertebral arteries: Supply the brainstem, cerebellum, and posteroinferior cerebrum.
    • Circle of Willis: Anastomosis of arteries providing alternate blood supply to brain.

    Disorders of Vascular Supply

    • Transient ischemic attack (TIA): Brief loss of function with full recovery.
    • Cerebrovascular accident (CVA): Persistent neurological deficit.
    • Infarction: Vessel occlusion (stroke).
    • Hemorrhage: Rupture of blood vessel causing bleeding into the brain.
    • Arteriovenous malformation (AVM): Abnormal connection between arteries and veins in brain.
    • Aneurysm: Dilation of an artery or vein.

    CNS Imaging Techniques

    • PET: Measures metabolic activity, blood flow
    • CT: Shows bone and tissue
    • MRI: Shows soft tissue structures in detail
    • MRA: Shows blood vessels in detail
    • BOLD MRI: Shows oxygen levels in blood to assess brain function
    • DTI: Shows white matter tracts, good for ischemic stroke assessment.
    • EEG: Measures brain electrical activity

    Anatomy and Organization of the Spinal Cord and Brainstem

    • Spinal cord, from foramen magnum to L1-L2, ends in conus medullaris and cauda equina.
    • Cervical and lumbar enlargements for UE and LE innervation.
    • Spinal cord segments are divided into cervical (8), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (1) sections.

    Spinal Cord: Internal Organization

    • Gray matter ("H" shape), white matter (surrounds gray).
    • Levels of gray matter vary based on peripheral innervation density.

    Fiber Tracts of the Spinal Cord

    • Ascending and descending tracts (dorsal columns, spinothalamic, spinocerebellar, corticospinal)

    Levels vs. Tracts

    • Segmental: Specific spinal level innervation.
    • Vertical/tracts: Long, ascending, and descending pathways.

    Brainstem: Surface Features and Internal Organization

    • Cranial nerves attached to the brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata) and reticular formation (RF): Arousal, motor function, autonomic activity, and pain modulation

    Nervous System Cells and Communication

    • Neurons (excitable cells) and Neuroglia (supporting cells) are important elements in transmitting and supporting nervous system activity.
    • Neuron structure and function is critical for neural communication; they include axons, dendrites, and cell bodies.
    • Different types of channels are crucial and include gated channels and pump proteins.
    • The neuroglia are essential for maintaining the correct environment for the neurons to function properly. These include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, satellite cells, and ependymal cells & microglia.

    Neurotransmission

    • Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators are chemicals that neurons use to communicate with each other and have different effects.
    • The process occurs in steps including synthesis, packaging, release into synapse, receptor interaction, and inactivation of neurotransmitter.

    Somatosensory System: Reception to Perception

    • Different types of receptors exist that transform physical stimuli and information into action potentials.
    • Somatosensation involves receptors, primary afferent neurons, prethalamic neurons, decussation, thalamic neurons, and the cerebral cortex.

    Specific Types of Receptors

    • Different types of receptors exist that are described by their structure, stimulus source, adaptation rate, and type of stimulus.

    Primary Afferents and Their Receptors

    • Afferent information is carried by different types of nerve fibers (e.g. A-alpha, A-beta) which can transmit different levels of sensation with varying conduction speeds.

    Conscious Relay Pathways

    • Somatic sensation pathways (ex: dorsal column-medial lemniscus system, spinothalamic tract).
    • Specific nerve tracts conduct various types of somatic sensations to the brain via the anterolateral pathway or the dorsal column.

    Nociception and Pain

    • Nociceptors detect noxious stimuli (potentially damaging), and pain is the associated brain experience.
    • Nociception pathways (lateral & paramedial) transmit different types of nociceptive information to the brain.

    Pain Modulation

    • The brain has mechanisms to modulate pain (e.g., gate control theory and antinociceptive systems).
      • Descending inhibitory circuits in the brain either diminish or amplify pain messages.

    Altered Sensory Symptoms

    • Paresthesia (tingling) and dysesthesia (unpleasant sensation), allodynia (pain from normally painless stimuli), and hyperalgesia (excessive pain) result from altered sensory processing.

    Pain Assessment

    • Patients should be assessed in a comprehensive manner including history, localization, severity and other relevant factors. The patient’s subjective pain report is the most reliable measure of pain.

    Clinical Somatosensory Screening and Testing

    • Sensory examination is part of a neurological evaluation.
    • Screening and comprehensive testing vary based on patient history and suspected pathology.
    • Various tests are used to assess light touch, sharp/dull, temperature, pain, pressure, proprioception, and vibration.

    Neural Plasticity of the Nervous System

    • The nervous system can change its functions, chemical profiles, and structures.
    • Plasticity is critical for the recovery and rehabilitation of nervous system injuries.
    • Various methods of neural change both during development and as a result of injury/use.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key neuroscience concepts including Broca's area function, effects of Brown-Sequard syndrome, and characteristics of multiple sclerosis. This quiz will challenge your understanding of nervous system structures and neuronal communication.

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