Neuroscience Imaging Techniques Quiz

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What magnetic property distinguishes oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin in BOLD fMRI?

Temperature dependence

Magnetic susceptibility (correct)

Electrical conductivity

Molecular weight

Which type of MRI imaging is typically associated with better resolution?

T1 weighted imaging (correct)

T2 weighted imaging

Diffusion weighted imaging

BOLD fMRI

In MRI, what processes do T1 and T2 represent?

T1: transverse spin relaxation; T2: longitudinal spin relaxation

T1: longitudinal spin relaxation; T2: transverse spin relaxation (correct)

T1: horizontal spin relaxation; T2: vertical spin relaxation

T1: vertical spin relaxation; T2: horizontal spin relaxation

Which brain areas are typically studied with BOLD fMRI for language function?

Broca's and Wernicke's areas (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is measured in PET imaging of the brain?

Radioactive tracer distribution (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which directional terms describe the front and rear of the body/brain, respectively?

Rostral and Caudal (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which plane of section divides the body into top and bottom halves?

Axial (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique utilizes X-rays and detectors rotating around the patient to create images of 'slices'?

Computerized Tomography (CT) (B) Signup and view all the answers

In a CT scan, which substance would appear darkest?

Air (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism behind Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)?

Analyzing changes in proton spin within a magnetic field (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered part of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

Cranial nerves (B) Signup and view all the answers

What components make up the brainstem?

Midbrain, pons, and medulla (A) Signup and view all the answers

How many exams are there in total for this course, including the final?

4 (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following imaging techniques provides a functional view of the brain?

PET (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where can recorded lectures for the course be found?

Moodle - in the General section (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the policy for missed Reading Quizzes?

Student generated RQs may be submitted for 50% credit during the module (C) Signup and view all the answers

What opportunity does a student have if they didn't perform well on the first exam?

Remediation is available for up to 75% of the possible points (C) Signup and view all the answers

What file format are the lecture materials typically presented in?

.pdf (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is responsible for axonal retrograde transport?

Dynein (A) Signup and view all the answers

What role do microglia primarily play in the nervous system?

Phagocytosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which glial cells are responsible for myelin production in the central nervous system?

Oligodendrocytes (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glial cell is most abundant in the brain?

Astrocytes (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which cytoskeletal component is primarily involved in axonal transport?

Microtubules (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of astrocytes?

Neurotransmitter uptake (A) Signup and view all the answers

Where are neurotransmitters synthesized?

In the axon terminal (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of neurofilaments?

Architectural support in axons (C) Signup and view all the answers

What initial neurological symptoms did the patient present with?

Weakness in the left side, leg weakness, and loss of vibratory/position sense in both legs (C) Signup and view all the answers

What did the initial MRI of the head reveal?

Abnormal signal in the peri-ventricular white matter (C) Signup and view all the answers

What neurological event occurred approximately 2 years after the initial episode?

Sudden loss of vision in the right eye (A) Signup and view all the answers

What treatment was administered for the vision loss?

Corticosteroids (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom developed at age 34?

Tremor (D) Signup and view all the answers

Over the next year, what new symptoms developed or worsened?

Tremor diminished, but dysarthria and diplopia appeared (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the gray, gelatinous discolorations observed in the brain?

They correspond to areas of demyelination (plaques) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the myelin stain of the spinal cord reveal in a patient with MS?

Areas of normal myelin interspersed with areas of damaged myelin (plaques) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used to measure changes in blood flow and glucose metabolism?

Positron emission tomography (PET) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the axon hillock?

Spike initiation (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron has a single axon and dendrite extending from the soma?

Bipolar (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which neuronal structure is responsible for protein synthesis?

Rough ER with ribosomes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neurofilaments in neuronal transport?

Transport of proteins and organelles (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor directly opens ion channels upon binding of a neurotransmitter?

Ionotropic receptor (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma membrane in neurons?

Protein synthesis (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which structures contain vesicular neurotransmitters?

Synaptic boutons (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?

Maintaining ion concentration gradients (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where does the synthesis of neurotransmitters typically occur?

Soma (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lecture 011425

Course Description: Includes lectures, objectives, exams, grading, and the Moodle website.
Divisions and Orientation: Covers CNS and PNS, and planes of section.
Imaging: Includes anatomical views (MRI, CT) and functional views (PET, fMRI).
Cells of the Nervous System: Focuses on neurons and glial cells.
Case Study: Discusses multiple sclerosis.

Course Information

Moodle: Used for course materials, lectures, and labs.
Syllabus: Contains course description, links to recorded lectures, and general information.
News Forum: Provides announcements and messages.
Weekly Posts: Includes power point presentations in PDF format.
Objectives: Goals for each module, with associated vocabulary terms and concepts; interactive study guide recommended.
Labs: Include objectives and atlas images for dissections, useful for supplemental lecture material, especially in the Neuroanatomy module.
Reading Quizzes: Ten quizzes total, worth 50 points each, open book, and due at the scheduled class time. Missed quizzes can be replaced with a student-generated quiz for 50% credit.

Examinations

Exams: One per module, 100 points each, without a cumulative final.
Remediation: Only available for Exam ONE, up to 75% credit possible.

Course Description (Modules)

Modules: Exam per module, Non-cumulative final exam is the 4th midterm.
Neurobiology: Includes neurophysiology and development.
Neuroanatomy: Focuses on regional neuroanatomy and pathways.
Systems Neuroscience I: Covers sensory neurobiology and pathways.
Systems Neuroscience II: Includes motor and integrative neurobiology and pathways.
Emphases: Mechanisms, pathways, pathology, and case studies.

Basic Divisions of Nervous System

Central Nervous System (CNS): Includes cerebrum, thalamus, midbrain, pons, cerebellum, medulla, and spinal cord.
Brainstem: Formed by midbrain, pons, and medulla.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Consists of spinal nerves and autonomic nerves.

Planes of Section

Sagittal: Midline, longitudinal axis.
Axial: Horizontal, separates top to bottom.
Coronal: Perpendicular to long axis.
Anterior/posterior and rostral/caudal are often used for structures in the brain.

Neural Imaging

Computerized Tomography (CT): X-ray beam rotates around the patient while detectors measure differing densities (i.e., air, blood, bone, brain) to create a "slice" image.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Uses radio waves and magnetic fields to create detailed images.
Two main types of MRI, T1 and T2
Different tissue types appear differently depending on measurement type.

BOLD Functional MRI ((fMRI))

Blood oxygen level-dependent imaging measures blood flow changes in response to brain activity.
Active brain regions show increased blood flow, altering image intensity.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Introduce radioactively tagged substances into the brain, detecting emitted gamma rays to measure changes in blood flow and glucose metabolism, and to monitor receptors.

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)

Use various isotopes to study the body for more specific events, but has less detail than PET.

Neurons

Functional Morphology: Covers input, trigger, propagation, and output zones of neurons, along with their specific components (dendrites, soma, axon, axon hillock, myelin sheath, etc.).
Neurophysiology: (Module I) Includes topics like plasma membrane, electrical signaling of neurones and dendrites and spines; axons and hillocks (myelinated); axonal terminals and synaptic boutons.
Protein pumps, ion channels (gated, non-gated), and signaling proteins are also important subjects.

Glial Cells

Microglia: Resident phagocytes (macrophages) for responding to injury/infection, scavenging debris.
Macroglia (CNS): Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes
Macroglia (PNS): Schwann cells.
Gliosis: Reactive proliferation of glial cells is an important part of the response to injury.
Glial cell tumors: A variety of types are possible
Astrocytes: Crucial for uptake of potassium and neurotransmitters, also contribute to blood-brain barrier function.
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells: Involved in myelination, crucial for conducting action potentials more efficiently.

Neuronal Transport

Nucleus: Codes for messenger RNA.
Rough ER: Ribosomal synthesis of proteins.
Smooth ER/Golgi: Modifies and packages proteins, crucial for cell function.
Microtubules and neurofilaments: Involved in intracellular transport of substances and organelles.

Neurofilaments and Microtubules

Neurofilaments: Cytoskeletal scaffolding (10nm intermediate filaments) for maintaining neuron structure.
Microtubules: Cytoskeletal scaffolding composed of tubulin, aiding in axonal transport (anterograde or retrograde).

Axonal Trafficking

Microtubule-based: Anterograde (away from soma) and retrograde (toward soma) transport via kinesin and dynein motors along microtubules.

Case Study: Multiple Sclerosis

28-year-old woman with progressing neurological symptoms consistent with multiple sclerosis.
Symptoms include limb weakness, sensory loss, blurry vision, tremor, and dysarthria.
MRI shows lesions in peri-ventricular white matter
Progressive course over time, with both CNS (brain and spinal cord) involvement.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on neuroscience imaging methods such as BOLD fMRI, PET, and CT scans. This quiz covers important concepts including T1 and T2 processes, brain region functions, and the distinction between oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin. Perfect for students of neuroscience or medical imaging.