Neuroscience Definitions Quiz

<p>Secondary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>β-amyloid plaques are extracellular, while neurofibrillary tangles are intracellular. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They prevent the passage of water-soluble molecules across the membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is rigid and inflexible. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholinesterase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind to a receptor and initiate a signal transduction pathway (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind to receptors on muscle fibers and initiate contraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To break down and inactivate acetylcholine, terminating its signal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endogenous substances are produced by the body, while exogenous substances come from outside the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They block the receptor, preventing agonists from binding and activating it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To store and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A medication that mimics the effects of acetylcholine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Closing of voltage-gated sodium channels and opening of voltage-gated potassium channels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To block the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The neuron is in a state of hyperpolarization, making it more difficult to fire an action potential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Action potentials would be prolonged and sustained (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voltage-gated channels open in response to a change in membrane potential, while ligand-gated channels open in response to a specific chemical (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The threshold determines whether an action potential will be fired (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because the cell membrane is more permeable to potassium ions than sodium ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leak channels allow for a slow, passive movement of ions, contributing to the steady-state membrane potential (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of intracellular signaling pathways (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water Maze (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Associating a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Removal of AMPA receptors from the synapse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working and reference memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Action potential arriving at the axon terminal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It results in an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They enhance the frequency of Cl- channel opening. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased neurotransmitter release with repeated stimulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NMDA receptor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strengthening of synaptic connections with high-frequency stimulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elicits a response after conditioning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensitization involves an increased response to a repeated stimulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The strengthening of synaptic connections through simultaneous activation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To block the NMDA receptor, regulating calcium influx. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the strength of connections between neurons long-term. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A decline in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It triggers an excitatory signal when bound with glutamate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensitization amplifies response after repeated exposure, while habituation diminishes it. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases the efficiency of synaptic transmission. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A drug that binds to a receptor and mimics neurotransmitter/hormone action.

A substance that blocks receptor activity, preventing agonist action.

A molecule that binds to a specific receptor on a neuron, triggering a cellular response.

Something originating from outside the body, influencing internal processes.

Something that originates within the body, like naturally produced substances.

A chemical messenger released by neurons, transmitting signals across synapses.

A specialized synapse where a motor neuron communicates with a muscle fiber.

An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine at the synaptic cleft, terminating its signal.

A motor protein that moves cargo toward the negative (-) end of microtubules (retrograde transport).

A motor protein that transports cargo toward the positive (+) end of microtubules (anterograde transport).

Movement of materials from the soma to the axon terminal, facilitated by kinesin.

Transport of materials from the axon terminal back to the soma, using dynein.

Includes transcription, mRNA processing, translation, and post-translational modifications.

Proteins have four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure.

Extracellular deposits formed by the aggregation of β-amyloid proteins, associated with Alzheimer’s disease.

Intracellular tangles made of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, linked to Alzheimer’s disease.

An electrical impulse that travels down an axon, carrying information away from the cell body.

Rapid depolarization of the neuron's membrane potential during an AP caused by opening voltage-gated sodium channels.

Rapid decrease in membrane potential during an AP as the neuron returns to resting state, involving closing of sodium and opening of potassium channels.

The process that restores a neuron's resting membrane potential after an action potential.

The phase where the membrane potential dips below its resting potential after the peak of an AP.

The period following an action potential where a neuron is unable to fire another AP, entering a state of recovery.

The minimum level of stimulus that causes a neuron to fire an action potential.

A potent neurotoxin that selectively blocks voltage-gated sodium channels on nerve cell membranes.

Series of events from action potential to neurotransmitter binding.

Calcium enters axon terminal when action potential opens voltage-gated channels.

Neurotransmitters that increase postsynaptic membrane potential, like opening Na+ channels.

Neurotransmitters that decrease postsynaptic membrane potential, like opening Cl- channels.

AMPA opens with glutamate; NMDA needs glutamate and depolarization to activate.

Strengthening of synaptic connections due to high-frequency stimulation.

Sensitization: Increased response; Habituation: Decreased response to repeated stimulus.

Conditioned: Previously neutral stimulus that elicits a response; Unconditioned: Naturally triggers response.

Weakening of synaptic connections through low-frequency stimulation.

Influences AMPA receptor behavior based on calcium entry: insertion strengthens, removal weakens synaptic transmission.

A spatial learning assay where rats find a hidden platform in a pool, testing memory and hippocampal function.

A test for rats to explore a maze with arms for food, assessing working and reference memory.

A learning process where a neutral stimulus gains the ability to elicit a response by association with an unconditioned stimulus.

A neutral stimulus that triggers a learned response after association with an unconditioned stimulus.

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response without any prior learning.

A principle stating that when two neurons fire together, their connection strengthens.

A process where repeated exposure to a stimulus increases the response.

A process where repeated exposure leads to a decline in response.

A protein that binds glutamate, triggering excitatory signals in neurons.