Neuroscience Chapter: Somatic Nervous System

<p>The retina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They enhance light reception and protection of the eye (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensing touch and movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain and temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contralaterally, crossing sides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary somatosensory cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dorsal horn (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trigeminal nerve (V) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To cross sides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Left visual cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To decussate axons from the medial side of the retina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medial geniculate nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Straight back and ipsilaterally (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visual cortex of the cerebrum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is inverted and reversed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To establish circadian rhythms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Right visual field (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To block light and protect against foreign particles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eyelashes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce and drain tears (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of coordination of external eye muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can cause one eye to rotate medially or laterally. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By blocking excess light and sweat from entering the eyes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extraocular muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oil; to reduce tear evaporation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conjunctival membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nasal cavity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Premotor cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prefrontal cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Processes sensory information and integrates it (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Appendicular muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controls initiation and execution of movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supplementary motor area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synapse with lower motor neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provides tactile input for integration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covers the anterior tip and allows light to enter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corticospinal tract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evaluation of movement consequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ciliary body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rods contain rhodopsin and work best in dim light (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pupil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bipolar cell layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Color vision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Color blindness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trichromacy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At the center of the retina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photoreceptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nerves that carry sensory information to the central nervous system (CNS).

Nerves that carry motor (movement) information from the CNS to the body.

Senses with specific organs dedicated to them (e.g., eyes, ears, tongue, nose).

The perception of objects via light.

Visible light for humans ranges from 400-700 nanometers.

The outermost layer of the eye, composed of the sclera and cornea.

The white, tough part of the eye, forming most of its outer surface.

The clear front part of the eye, allowing light to enter.

The middle layer of the eye, containing the choroid, ciliary body, and iris.

The highly vascular layer supplying blood to the eye.

Muscle that changes lens shape for focusing.

Innermost layer of the eye, containing photoreceptors.

Cells in the retina that detect light.

Photoreceptors specialized for low-light vision.

Photoreceptors specialized for color vision in bright light.

The eyelids that blink to moisten the eye, protect it from abrasions, foreign particles and also block light, preventing dehydration.

Tiny hairs that act as sensory receptors, initiating blinking and blocking debris.

Glands located in the eyelids that secrete oil to reduce tear evaporation.

Protective structures that shade the eyes and block sweat.

The system that produces, collects, and drains tears. It includes the lacrimal glands, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct.

Double vision caused by problems with how the muscles controlling the eyes work together.

A condition where the eyes do not align properly; also known as a 'cross-eye'.

Muscles outside the eyeball that control eye movement. They maintain the shape of the eye and enable its movement.

Mucus membrane providing lubrication within the eye.

The separate compartments within the eye that divide it into front (anterior) and back (posterior)

Axons from the cochlear nucleus project to and synapse in the primary auditory cortex. These connections are ipsilateral, meaning the left side of the body is processed by the left side of the brain, and vice versa.

The optic pathway's connections are more complex than other cranial nerves because visual information from each eye is processed by both the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

The optic chiasm is where axons from the medial side of each retina cross over to the opposite hemisphere of the brain, while axons from the lateral side of the retina stay on the same side.

Visual information is delivered to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus, which then projects to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum.

A small number of photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus. The SCN receives information about the presence or absence of light, which is used to regulate our circadian rhythm.

Visual information is topographically mapped in the visual cortex, meaning that the spatial arrangement of the retina is preserved. The superior visual field is processed by the inferior visual cortex, and the inferior visual field is processed by the superior visual cortex.

The foveal-processing area in the visual cortex is disproportionately large, reflecting the high-resolution detail processing of the fovea, the central part of the retina.

Topographic mapping of the retina in the visual cortex demonstrates that the retinotopic organization is preserved, meaning that neighboring areas of the retina project to neighboring areas of the visual cortex, allowing for precise spatial perception.

The neural pathways that transmit sensory information from the body to the central nervous system (CNS).

A somatosensory pathway that mainly carries information about touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception (sense of body position) to the brain.

A somatosensory pathway that mainly carries information about pain and temperature to the brain.

The phenomenon where sensory information from one side of the body is processed by the opposite hemisphere of the brain.

The area of the brain, located in the post-central gyrus, that receives and processes sensory information from the body.

The process of nerve fibers crossing over from one side of the nervous system to the other.

The area of the brain, located in the pre-central gyrus, that controls voluntary movements.

The area of the brain responsible for higher-level cognitive functions, including planning, decision-making, and working memory.

Nerve pathways that carry sensory information from the body to the brain, allowing for processing and spreading throughout the cerebral cortex.

Nerve pathways that carry motor commands from the brain to the body, triggering muscle movement, with or without conscious awareness.

Processes sensory information from both visual and somatosensory pathways, creating a representation of the external world.

Located just anterior to the primary motor cortex, this area helps plan and organize movements, determining which actions are needed based on stimuli.

Located more medial and superior to the premotor cortex, this area helps plan and coordinate movements, particularly those based on remembered sequences.

The major descending tract that controls muscle movement, originating in the primary motor cortex and extending to the spinal cord.

A neuron with its cell body in the motor cortex, its axon projecting down to the spinal cord to connect with a lower motor neuron.

A neuron in the spinal cord (ventral horn) that receives signals from an upper motor neuron and projects to a skeletal muscle, triggering contraction.