Neuroscience Chapter Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary component of gray matter?

  • Cell bodies of nerve cells (correct)
  • Bundles of nerves
  • Myelinated axons
  • Cerebrospinal fluid

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

  • Protects the CNS
  • Control body movement
  • Supports the structure of nerve cells
  • Facilitates communication between brain hemispheres (correct)

Which statement accurately describes split-brain patients?

  • They recover full brain function post-surgery.
  • They can draw two different shapes simultaneously. (correct)
  • They have impaired memory functions.
  • They experience severe mental disorders.

What does fMRI specifically measure in the brain?

<p>Blood flow changes related to brain activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target of the immune response in Multiple Sclerosis?

<p>Myelin around nerve axons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of neurotransmitters (NTs) in the synaptic cleft?

<p>To transmit chemical signals between neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the process of excitation in neurons?

<p>Increasing the likelihood of neuron activation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells provide electrical insulation around axons in the central nervous system?

<p>Oligodendrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the synaptic cleft?

<p>The site of neurotransmitter release (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hydrocephalus?

<p>Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes synaptopathy?

<p>It is a condition involving the malfunction of synapses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does inhibition have on neurons?

<p>It decreases the probability of neuron activation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an action potential in a neuron?

<p>An electrical signal traveling down the axon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do neurotransmitters play at chemical synapses?

<p>They diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to specific receptors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical consequence of an imbalance in excitation and inhibition in the brain?

<p>Development of epilepsy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synapse is primarily responsible for increasing neuronal activity?

<p>Glutamatergic synapse. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump at the end of an action potential?

<p>To restore ionic gradients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an Electroencephalogram (EEG) measure?

<p>Electrical activity from the scalp. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT typically used to treat epilepsy?

<p>Enhanced synaptic firing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of channels allow ions to move across cell membranes in response to specific changes in membrane potential?

<p>Voltage-dependent channels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During what phase does depolarization occur in an action potential?

<p>When sodium channels open (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of synapse is typically involved in decreasing activity in postsynaptic neurons?

<p>GABAergic synapse. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of myelin in the nervous system?

<p>To protect and insulate axons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action does Botox perform at the synapse?

<p>Prevents neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism allows action potentials to travel quickly along myelinated axons?

<p>Saltatory conduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which potential effect of seizures may depend on the region of the brain where they occur?

<p>Loss of consciousness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are responsible for myelination in the central nervous system?

<p>Oligodendrocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about neurons is false?

<p>Neurons communicate exclusively through electrical signals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the resting potential of a healthy neuron characterized by?

<p>Negative charge inside compared to outside (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the left motor cortex is stimulated during cortical mapping experiments?

<p>The patient moved her right hand (C), The patient felt tingling in her right hand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about multiple sclerosis?

<p>Affects both the brain and spinal cord (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a membrane potential of 0 mV indicate?

<p>There is no potential difference between the inside and outside of the neuron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To propagate action potentials rapidly down long axons, which neuron structure should be utilized?

<p>Large axon diameter with myelination having regularly spaced gaps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be most effective in restoring function in multiple sclerosis?

<p>Make more Schwann cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about membrane potential is correct?

<p>It can change depending on which channels are opened or closed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about chemical synaptic transmission is true?

<p>It converts the electrical signal of the action potential into a chemical signal (A), It relies on fusion of synaptic vesicles with the postsynaptic membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the space between a neuron and its postsynaptic target?

<p>Synaptic cleft (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is not necessary for an action potential?

<p>ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect would blocking glutamate receptors likely have?

<p>Reduce excitation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding GABA is true?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a potential treatment for epilepsy?

<p>Glutamate receptor activators (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of seizure is most likely experienced by an individual who is aware during the event?

<p>Focal onset aware seizure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the myelin sheath?

<p>To insulate and speed up the conduction of nerve impulses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the central nervous system (CNS) differ from the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

<p>The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes peripheral nerves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines neural plasticity?

<p>The brain's capacity to reorganize and adapt by forming new neural connections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gray Matter

Consists of the cell bodies of nerve cells.

White Matter

Bundles of myelinated axons, which are the long fibers that transmit signals between neurons.

Corpus Callosum

A thick band of axons that connects and allows communication between the right and left hemispheres of the brain.

Split-Brain Patients

Individuals who have undergone surgery to sever the corpus callosum, often to treat severe epilepsy.

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fMRI

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, a technique used to measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow and oxygenation.

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Myelin sheath

An electrically insulating layer that surrounds axons, speeding up the transmission of nerve impulses.

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Synapse

The junction between two neurons where communication occurs.

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Neurotransmitter

A chemical messenger released by a neuron to communicate across the synapse.

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Membrane receptor

A structure on the receiving neuron that binds to neurotransmitters and triggers a response.

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Excitation

A process that increases the likelihood of a neuron firing.

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Inhibition

A process that decreases the likelihood of a neuron firing.

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Action potential

The electrical signal that travels down the axon of a neuron.

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Synaptic cleft

The tiny space between the transmitting and receiving neurons at a synapse.

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Neuron Communication

Neurons communicate with other neurons, muscles, or glands through specialized junctions called synapses.

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Resting Potential

The electrical potential difference across a neuron's membrane when it is not actively transmitting a signal. It's usually negative inside the cell compared to outside.

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Action Potential: Depolarization

The rapid rise in membrane potential during an action potential, caused by the influx of sodium ions (Na+) into the neuron.

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Action Potential: Repolarization

The return of the membrane potential to its resting state after depolarization, caused by the efflux of potassium ions (K+) out of the neuron.

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Sodium-Potassium Pump

A protein pump that actively transports sodium (Na+) out of the neuron and potassium (K+) into the neuron, maintaining ionic gradients.

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Axon Hillock

The specialized region of the axon where action potentials are generated.

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Myelin

A fatty substance that insulates axons and speeds up the propagation of action potentials.

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Saltatory Conduction

The 'jumping' propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons, where the signals jump from one node of Ranvier to the next.

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Excitatory Synapse

A synapse that increases the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron firing. Typically uses neurotransmitters like glutamate.

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Inhibitory Synapse

A synapse that decreases the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron firing. Typically uses neurotransmitters like GABA.

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Epilepsy

A neurological disorder characterized by an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory activity in the brain, leading to seizures.

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Seizure

A sudden, abnormal surge of electrical activity in the brain, often characterized by involuntary movements, altered consciousness, and sensory disturbances.

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EEG (Electroencephalogram)

A medical test that measures electrical activity in the brain by placing electrodes on the scalp. Used to diagnose and monitor epilepsy.

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Botox

A neurotoxin that blocks the release of neurotransmitters at neuromuscular junctions, resulting in muscle paralysis. Used for cosmetic purposes and to treat certain medical conditions.

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Postsynaptic membrane

The membrane of the neuron receiving the signal at a synapse.

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Dendritic spine

A small protrusion on a dendrite that receives input from an axon terminal.

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Axon terminal

The end of an axon that releases neurotransmitters into the synapse.

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What does a drug that blocks glutamate receptors do?

It reduces excitation, making it harder for neurons to fire.

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What's the function of GABA?

GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic neuron, making it less likely to fire.

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How does deep brain stimulation work?

It involves implanting electrodes in specific brain regions to regulate abnormal electrical activity, potentially used to treat epilepsy.

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What is the primary function of the myelin sheath?

To insulate and speed up the conduction of nerve impulses along axons.

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Wernicke's Area Lesions

Damage to Wernicke's area, located in the left temporal lobe, can impair language comprehension, leading to difficulty understanding spoken or written language.

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Left Motor Cortex Stimulation

Stimulating the left motor cortex during brain surgery can cause movement in the contralateral (opposite) side of the body, specifically the right hand.

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Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease affecting the central nervous system, causing damage to the myelin sheath that insulates nerve fibers, leading to impaired nerve conduction.

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Membrane Potential of 0 mV

A membrane potential of 0 mV signifies that there is no difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the neuron.

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Rapid Action Potential Propagation

To propagate action potentials quickly and over long distances, neurons can have large axon diameters and myelin sheaths with gaps, allowing saltatory conduction.

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Multiple Sclerosis Restoration

Restoring function in multiple sclerosis could theoretically involve promoting the regeneration of myelin by increasing the number of Schwann cells, the cells that produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system.

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Membrane Potential

The membrane potential of a neuron is the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of its cell membrane. This potential can change depending on which ion channels are open or closed.

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Chemical Synaptic Transmission

Chemical synaptic transmission involves the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic terminal, which bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, converting the electrical signal of the action potential into a chemical signal.

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Study Notes

Definitions

  • Gray matter: Cell bodies of nerve cells
  • White matter: Bundles of myelinated axons
  • CNS: The central nervous system, comprising the brain and spinal cord
  • PNS: The peripheral nervous system, composed of nerves (bundles of axons) and ganglia (clusters of cell bodies)
  • Corpus callosum: A thick band of axons connecting the right and left cerebral cortices.
  • Split-brain patients: Patients with severed corpus callosum
  • Ventricles: Chambers in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • Cortical Homunculus: A topographical representation of the body in the brain's cortex, involving sensory and motor areas
  • fMRI: Functional magnetic resonance imaging, used to visualize brain activity linked to regional metabolism changes
  • Cortical Mapping: Efforts to correlate brain anatomy with psychological and cognitive functions
  • Multiple Sclerosis: An immune-mediated disorder where the body attacks the myelin sheath around nerve axons, leading to various symptoms
  • Myelin: Fatty coating around axons formed by glia cells (oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in PNS).
  • Ion: A charged molecule, which can be positive or negative.
  • Permeability: A measure of how easily a molecule passes through a membrane.
  • Concentration Gradient: The difference in concentration of a substance across a region.
  • Membrane Potential: The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a cell's membrane.

Key Concepts

  • Resting membrane potential: The voltage across the membrane when a neuron is not active. It is typically more negative inside than outside.
  • Voltage-dependent channels: Open when the membrane potential reaches a certain value
  • Channelopathies: Diseases arising from ion channel disruption
  • Absolute refractory period: A period following an action potential where a neuron cannot fire another one, due to sodium channel inactivation
  • Relative refractory period: A period following an action potential during which a neuron can fire again, but it requires a stronger stimulus than usual because the membrane potential more negative than its resting level.
  • Action Potential: A rapid change in membrane potential, used for neuronal communication.
  • Saltatory Conduction: The propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons, jumping between nodes of Ranvier
  • Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps in the myelin sheath where voltage-gated sodium channels are concentrated
  • Synaptopathy: Pathology of synapses
  • Synaptic cleft: The space between neurons at a synapse
  • Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers released at synapses to transmit signals between neurons.
  • Glial Cells: Supporting cells in the nervous system
  • Astrocytes: Star-shaped glial cells, crucial for support, repair, and nutrient transport in the central nervous system
  • Oligodendrocytes: Glial cells forming myelin sheaths in the central nervous system
  • Schwann Cells: Glial cells forming myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system

Further Topics

  • Central vs Peripheral Nervous Systems: The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord; the PNS branches out to the rest of the body
  • Spinal Nerves vs Cranial Nerves: Spinal nerves connect the spinal cord to the body, cranial nerves connect the brain to head
  • Neural Morphology: Structural characteristics of neurons (cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin, terminal branches)
  • Brain Lobes: Specific regions of the cerebral hemispheres (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital) with specialized functions
  • Cerebellum & Brainstem: Structures with crucial roles in motor coordination, sensory processing and life-sustaining functions
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Fluid filling the brain and spinal cord, vital for cushioning and nutrient transport
  • Hydrocephalus: Accumulation of CSF in the brain potentially causing brain damage and issues
  • Brain Lesions/Aphasias: Damage to specific brain areas and resulting language or cognitive impairments
  • Multiple Sclerosis: Symptoms linked to damage of the myelin sheath of nerves.
  • Epilepsy: Conditions involving disrupted brain electrical activity.
  • Neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate, GABA): Chemical messengers in signaling at synapses
  • Synaptic Transmission Steps to transmit signals.
  • Neurophysiological Techniques: Methods like EEG, MRI, fMRI, used to study brain function and structure

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in neuroscience with this quiz. Topics include gray matter, the corpus callosum, and brain imaging techniques. Perfect for students looking to deepen their understanding of brain function and neurological conditions.

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