Neuroscience Chapter Overview

<p>Roots of lumbar and sacral spinal nerves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corticospinal tract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coordination of reflexes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebrum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Longitudinal fissure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medulla oblongata (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coordinates muscular actions of mouth and tongue for speech (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anterior portion of parietal lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintain balance and posture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wernicke's area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spinal cord or brain stem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebellum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Planning and coordination of complex movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Keeps the cerebral cortex conscious and alert (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling eye and eyelid movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebellum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parietal-lobe association cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuronal structure or function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatosensory function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Occipital lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>X, XI, XII (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filters and relays information to the cerebral cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced synaptic transmission through structural changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adjusts heart contraction force and rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Midbrain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overstimulation of the optic nerve triggering the trigeminal nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of higher function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jerky and uncoordinated movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temporary loss of blood flow to the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flaccid paralysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of somatic reflexes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Total motor and sensory loss in regions inferior to the cut (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of the ability to speak, swallow, and breathe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To stabilize and protect the distal spinal cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, meningeal branch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C5-C8 and T1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phrenic nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sciatic nerve; innervates the buttocks and lower limb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A area of skin supplied by sensory nerve fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reflex arcs consist of five components (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dorsal ramus, Anterior ramus, Meningeal branch (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cervical plexus fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Innervates the lower limb and abdominal wall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T10 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patellar reflex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sciatica (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To localize sites of injuries to dorsal roots (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradycardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, responsible for conscious experiences and regulating homeostasis.

The outer layer of the cerebrum, composed of gray matter and containing a significant portion of the nervous system's nerve cell bodies.

A pathway of white matter in the cerebrum connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

The brain is divided into four major regions: cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum.

A part of the forebrain, located beneath the cerebrum.

Nerve fibers that travel from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, controlling voluntary muscle movements.

Nerve cells that transmit signals from the spinal cord to muscles, causing them to contract.

A pathway in the spinal cord responsible for maintaining balance and posture.

A pathway in the spinal cord that helps control fine motor movements and posture.

A region in the left cerebral hemisphere that controls speech production.

An area in the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary eye movements.

A region in the left hemisphere responsible for understanding spoken language.

Brain regions that receive and interpret sensory information from the body.

A brain area responsible for processing touch, temperature, pain, and pressure sensations.

Brain regions that analyze and interpret sensory information, helping with memory, reasoning, and judgment.

The dorsal horn receives sensory input from peripheral neurons. It is responsible for receiving sensory information from the body.

The ventral horn contains motor neurons that exit the spinal cord to innervate skeletal muscle. It sends signals to muscles to move.

A bundle of spinal nerves extending beyond the end of the spinal cord. It carries nerve signals to and from the legs.

The tapered end of the spinal cord. It regulates bladder function and lower extremity movement and sensation.

31 pairs of mixed nerves originating from the spinal cord. They connect the spinal cord to upper and lower limbs, neck, and trunk.

Temporary storage of information, primarily electrical in nature. It holds a limited amount of information for a short time (seconds to minutes).

Permanent storage of information, achieved by structural and functional changes in neurons, enhancing synaptic transmission. This strengthens connections between neurons, making memories lasting.

A key area in the cerebral cortex involved in the formation of new long-term memories. Damage to this region can affect the ability to create new memories.

A relay center for sensory information, directing it to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex for interpretation. It is essentially a 'traffic director' for sensory inputs.

A vital control center for many basic functions including body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep-wake cycles. It plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis.

A central structure in the limbic system, crucial for processing emotions like fear and anger. It plays a critical role in emotional learning and memory.

A part of the limbic system involved in processing emotions and linking them to memories. It contributes to emotional awareness and response.

A network within the brainstem responsible for maintaining consciousness and alertness. It filters out repetitive and weak stimuli, focusing attention on important information.

A region of the brainstem connecting the forebrain and hindbrain. It houses structures involved in vision, hearing, motor control, and sleep-wake cycles.

Responsible for coordinating muscle movements, balance, and posture. It receives information from proprioceptors and the visual system to fine-tune motor control.

A fibrous band extending from the spinal cord to the coccyx, offering support and protection to the distal spinal cord against various forces.

Part of a spinal nerve connecting to the spinal cord, carrying sensory information from the body to the brain.

Part of a spinal nerve connecting to the spinal cord, carrying motor commands from the brain to the body.

A branch of a spinal nerve supplying the posterior (back) part of the trunk.

A branch of a spinal nerve supplying the rest of the trunk and limbs.

A spinal nerve branch re-entering the spinal cord to supply the meninges and blood vessels within the central nervous system.

A network of nerves in the neck formed by the ventral rami of the first four cervical nerves, supplying muscles and skin in the neck.

A nerve from the cervical plexus that controls the diaphragm, crucial for breathing.

A complex network of nerves in the shoulder area formed by the ventral rami of lower cervical and upper thoracic nerves, supplying the upper limb.

A branch of the brachial plexus supplying muscles on the front of the forearm and skin of the forearm.

A branch of the brachial plexus supplying the shoulder area (superior, lateral, and posterior regions).

A branch of the brachial plexus supplying muscles and skin of the forearm and hand.

A branch of the brachial plexus supplying muscles and skin on the little finger side of the hand.

A branch of the brachial plexus supplying muscles on the back of the arm and skin of the forearm and hand.

A network of nerves arising from the lumbar region, supplying the thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle.

A fascinating response where bright light triggers a sneeze. It affects roughly 18-25% of people due to a potential malfunction in nerve signals related to the trigeminal nerve.

The trigeminal nerve, responsible for various facial sensations, gets triggered by overstimulation of the optic nerve. This ultimately leads to the sneeze.

Yawning is a reflex involving a deep inhale and exhale, often associated with tiredness or lack of stimulation. It's thought to increase alertness but the exact cause remains unclear.

A stroke happens when blood flow to the brain is blocked, leading to the death of brain tissue.

TIAs are brief episodes of temporary brain ischemia (restricted blood flow). Unlike a stroke, the effects are reversible.

Alzheimer's is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of higher brain function. It's caused by neuronal loss and atrophy.

Huntington's is a genetic disorder. It's caused by degeneration of specific brain cells, resulting in jerky movements, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes.

Flaccid paralysis is a loss of muscle function due to severe damage to the ventral root or anterior horn cells of the spinal cord.