Khan p 311-322

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of cognitive therapy?

To prescribe medication for emotional responses.

To develop skills for dealing with stress.

To observe social interactions in real settings.

To identify and change unhelpful or inaccurate thinking. (correct)

What does the diathesis-stress model explain?

Behavior as solely a result of genetic factors.

The correlation between stress and socioeconomic status.

Behavior in terms of predispositional vulnerability and stress. (correct)

A method for observing social interactions.

Which statement accurately describes ethical research?

Research can proceed without informing participants about its nature.

Voluntary participation must be ensured, with the right to withdraw. (correct)

Participants must attend every session without the option to withdraw.

Data collected can be used regardless of participant consent.

What does socioeconomic status NOT typically include?

Religious affiliation. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of ethnographic research?

Studying role strain through real-time observations of physicians. Signup and view all the answers

What does the socioeconomic gradient refer to?

The negative correlation between socioeconomic status and poverty. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the opponent-process theory?

A model accounting for a variety of behaviors, including color vision. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of comparative research?

It compares various countries or cultures in a cooperative framework. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Flynn effect primarily concerned with?

The increase in IQ across generations Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophical concept is characterized by self-interest as the motivation for behavior?

Egoism Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is based on associations between two different stimuli?

Conditioned memory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes minority influence?

A smaller group persuading the majority over time Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly lists the stages of Cross's Nigrescence Model?

Pre-encounter, Encounter, Immersion/Emersion, Internalization Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of Multiple Approach-Avoidance describe?

The internal conflict of weighing pros and cons Signup and view all the answers

What is emotional intelligence primarily about?

Understanding one's own emotions and their impact Signup and view all the answers

Which principle contrasts with psychological egoism?

Psychological altruism Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'distal stimulus' refer to?

The actual object or event in the real world Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the proximal stimulus?

The physical stimulation available for sensory measurement Signup and view all the answers

In the example of a person looking at a shoe, what is the proximal stimulus?

The image of the shoe on the retina Signup and view all the answers

What does psychophysics primarily study?

The relationship between stimuli and sensory experience Signup and view all the answers

Which option illustrates the concept of a distal stimulus?

The physical telephone itself Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of word association?

Responding to a word by saying a related word Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does psychophysical testing methods analyze?

Variations in physical dimensions of stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about sensory transduction is true?

It translates physical stimulation into neural activity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of agraphia?

Loss of ability to form graphemes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of aphasia is characterized by the ability to produce speech but lacks meaningful content?

Wernicke's aphasia Signup and view all the answers

What does Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) primarily target?

Non-fluent forms of aphasia Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible outcome of global aphasia?

Inability to produce and understand speech Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a mediating variable?

It accounts for variations between the independent variable and the dependent variable. Signup and view all the answers

How does a moderating variable affect the relationship between two other variables?

It clarifies the strength of that relationship under specified conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic defines receptive aphasia?

Fluent speech with no comprehension Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about Broca's aphasia?

Speech production is possible but often incomplete or labored. Signup and view all the answers

What is a confounding variable?

A variable that is often overlooked but affects the relationship between IV and DV. Signup and view all the answers

How does a confounding variable differ from a mediating variable?

A mediating variable causes a change in the relationship between IV and DV. Signup and view all the answers

What is heterophily?

The tendency of individuals to gather in diverse groups. Signup and view all the answers

What role does GABA serve in the central nervous system?

It acts as a chief inhibitory neurotransmitter. Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitters are considered monoamines that play a role in mood regulation?

Norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of aversive conditioning?

To associate unwanted behavior with noxious stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What does a social cue refer to?

A non-verbal or vocal signal guiding social interactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is Beck's Cognitive Therapy primarily associated with?

Cognitive restructuring and behavioral modification. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an approach-avoidance conflict?

One option with both positive and negative aspects Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of influence suggests that people are likely to return a favor?

Reciprocity Signup and view all the answers

When making a decision, what does an avoidant-avoidant conflict involve?

Choosing between two unpleasant options Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the principle of commitment and consistency?

Once committed, people tend to maintain their agreements Signup and view all the answers

In a double approach-avoidant conflict, what is true about the options?

Each option has both appealing and negative characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What example illustrates the principle of reciprocity effectively?

Ethiopia providing aid to Mexico after an earthquake Signup and view all the answers

In the context of decision-making, what is the primary focus of an approach-approach conflict?

Choosing between two equally rewarding options Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of commitment and consistency on behavior?

Once a commitment is made, individuals tend to follow through Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Visual Processing and Recognition

The fusiform gyrus is involved in high-level visual processing and recognition, part of the temporal and occipital lobes.
The temporal lobes process auditory information, interpret visual stimuli, and recognize language.
The parietal lobes are responsible for spatial reasoning and receiving somatosensory information.
Visual agnosia is a ventral pathway disorder characterized by the inability to recognize images.

Neurological Phenomena

Synesthesia is a neurological phenomenon where stimulating one sensory or cognitive pathway triggers involuntary experiences in another pathway.
Calcium ions (Ca2+) are crucial for activity-dependent plasticity. Irregular levels are linked to diseases like Huntington's, Alzheimer's, and schizophrenia.

Psychiatric Medications

Antipsychotics manage psychosis (delusions, hallucinations, paranoia) primarily for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; increasingly used for non-psychotic conditions.
They block dopamine pathways, potentially causing Parkinson-like symptoms.

Sociological Theory

The Thomas Theorem (1928) posits that if people define situations as real, they become real in their consequences.

Perception and Sensation

Haptic perception involves exploring objects through touch, often using hands or fingers.
Active touch is the use of haptic perception to inspect an object.
Adaptation signifies sensory level change, and habituation is perceptive/cognitive.
Phantom pain involves perceiving pain in a missing body part.
Tonotopy describes the brain's mapping of sound frequencies.
A dermatome is an area of skin with nerve fibers from a single posterior spinal root ganglion.

Brain Structure and Function

The connectome maps brain connections.
The homunculus is a cortical map of how different areas of the skin are represented in the primary somatosensory cortex.
Interference, like the Stroop effect, slows reaction time in mentally challenging tasks.
LSD affects serotonin neurotransmission.
Nicotine acts as a CNS stimulant, and amphetamine blocks dopamine reuptake.
Alcohol serves as a CNS depressant.

Schizophrenia Symptoms

Positive symptoms include delusions, neologisms, and hallucinations.
Negative symptoms feature diminished emotional expression and social withdrawal.
The mesolimbic pathway is involved in reward, motivation, and positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
The mesocortical pathway influences the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Dopamine release in the tuberoinfundibular pathway regulates prolactin.
The nigrostriatal pathway is linked to motor function.

Other Medical Conditions

Hypochondria: extreme anxiety about health.
Illness anxiety disorder: preoccupation with illness symptoms.
Paraphilias: intense and persistent sexual interests that are considered unusual. These encompass certain sexual sadism, masochism, and pedophilia.
Paraphilia: sexual interest beyond socially acceptable norms.
Teratogen: substance that disrupts fetal development.
Phenylketonuria and polycystic kidney disease are genetic.
Fetal alcohol syndrome has a direct correlation with alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
Neuropeptide Y inhibits the feeding circuit, blocking satiety.

Stimulus and Perception

Proximal stimulus: physical stimulation received by sensory receptors.
Distal stimulus: actual object or event in the outside world.
The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is a hypothalamic neuronal nucleus that responds to stress and physiological changes.
Sensory stimulus causes activation of receptors to evoke a response like light, heat, sound.
Sensory receptors trigger neural activity resulting in a proximal stimulus.
Proximal stimulus in perception arises from physical stimulation that can be measured by sensory apparatus.

Mental Processes

Word Association game is a common word game.
Psychophysical testing methods analyze how stimuli relate to human perception.

Methods to Measure Thresholds

Method of Limits: progressively increases or decreases stimulus levels until detection changes.
Method of Constant Stimuli: presents different stimulus intensities randomly.
Method of Adjustment: observer adjusts stimulus level until detection.

Factors Affecting Performance

Practice effects alter performance due to repetition of tasks.
Order effects refer to a particular trial's position in a sequence.
Carry-over effects influence performance based on previous trials.

Interaural Differences

Interaural time difference: difference in time for sound to reach each ear.
Interaural level difference: difference in sound pressure levels reaching each ear.
The head alters sound frequencies reaching the ears differently.

Neurotransmitters

GABA is a primary inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Dopamine, serotonin, and others influence mood and other cognitive functions.
Orexin (hypocretin) controls sleep and arousal.

Cognitive Therapies

Cognitive Behavior Therapies (CBT) seek to adjust thoughts, feelings, behavior in addressing difficulties.
Opponent-process theory describes the psychological and neurological responses to stimuli like color perception in terms of opposing processes.
The Diathesis-stress model highlights a vulnerability-stress combination that produces mental illness.
Ethical research follows ethical principles to protect participants and respect their rights.

Socioeconomic gradient exists in negative correlations with socioeconomic status.
Ethnographic research investigates social interactions in real social settings.
Comparative research compares social phenomenon across countries or cultures.
Flynn effect: observation of increased IQ scores over generations.
Emotional intelligence involves recognizing and understanding one's own emotions and those of others.
Egoism is a philosophical idea that self-interest guides behaviors and actions.

Reciprocity principle: returning favors.
Commitment and Consistency principle: sticking to previously made commitments.
Social Proof principle: following the actions of others.
Authority principle: obeying authority figures.
Liking principle: being persuaded by people who are liked.
Scarcity principle: perceived scarcity increases demand for items.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.