Neuroscience Chapter on Synapses

<p>Axosomatic synapse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axoaxonic synapse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To help regulate the chemical environment of the synapse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced transmitter release from the terminal bouton (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synaptic vesicles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are faster acting than ionotropic receptors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activating protein kinases, leading to phosphorylation of target proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding to a neurotransmitter, directly triggering the opening of an ion channel. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cl- channels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activating G-proteins, which then can interact with and modify ion channels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are located on the cell body or dendrites. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To slow down the rate of neuron firing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Co-release involves multiple neurotransmitters being released from a single action potential, while co-transmission involves different neurotransmitters being released from different areas of the axon terminal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of autoreceptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzymatic degradation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different neurotransmitters require different levels of calcium influx for release. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A neuron releases the same neurotransmitter at all of its synapses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different neurotransmitters are released from different locations on the presynaptic neuron. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ca2+ ions trigger the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoreceptors are located on presynaptic neurons, where they monitor and regulate the release of neurotransmitters. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Botulinum toxin prevents the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, blocking neurotransmitter release. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of postsynaptic receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuromodulators have a long-lasting effect on neuronal activity, while neurotransmitters have a short-lasting effect. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presynaptic membrane of the same neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A higher firing rate leads to increased neurotransmitter release. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agitation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates that both genetic and environmental factors play a significant role in schizophrenia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By influencing gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms, potentially impacting neurotransmitter systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulation of gene activity without altering the DNA sequence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Releasing neurotransmitters into the synapse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are cleaved from precursor proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classical neurotransmitters are packaged in small vesicles, while neuropeptides are packaged in large vesicles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse between neurons.

Process by which vesicles fuse with the cell membrane to release neurotransmitters.

Channels that open in response to membrane depolarization, allowing Ca2+ entry.

A toxin that blocks neurotransmitter release at neuromuscular junctions, causing paralysis.

Substances that indirectly influence neurotransmission, altering effects of primary neurotransmitters.

Receptors on a neuron that respond to the neurotransmitter it releases, regulating its own activity.

Rate of neuron firing, vesicle exocytosis probability, and autoreceptor activity influence neurotransmitter release.

A primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, important for synaptic plasticity and memory.

Receptors on terminal boutons that reduce neurotransmitter release when activated by neurotransmitter.

Receptors on cell bodies or dendrites that slow the firing rate of neurons when activated by neurotransmitter.

The outdated principle stating one neuron releases one neurotransmitter at all synapses.

The simultaneous release of multiple neurotransmitters from a single action potential.

Different neurotransmitters released from distinct regions of the axon terminal.

The process where enzymes break down neurotransmitters in the synapse to stop signaling.

The process of transporting neurotransmitters back into the cell for recycling.

Methods to stop neurotransmitter signals, such as degradation or reuptake.

Channels allowing Na+ to enter, causing depolarization and excitation.

Channels letting Ca2+ in, also causing depolarization and excitatory effects.

Channels allowing Cl- out, resulting in hyperpolarization and inhibition.

Receptors activating G-proteins, causing slower but lasting responses.

Molecules activated by receptors that phosphorylate proteins and affect cellular functions.

Enhanced release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal.

Communication between neurons, muscle cells, or glands via neurotransmitters.

Categories including amino acids, monoamines, and neuropeptides.

Process by which neurons create neurotransmitters.

Large neurotransmitter molecules synthesized from precursor proteins.

Small sacs that store and transport neurotransmitters.

A neurotransmitter involved in reward and addiction processes.

The study of how gene activity is regulated without changes to the DNA sequence, influencing traits and disorders.

A psychiatric disorder affecting thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, characterized by symptoms like delusions and hallucinations.

The process by which the structure of chromatin is altered to regulate gene expression and access to DNA.

The interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental factors, influencing the risk of developing disorders.

The point of communication between two neurons where neurotransmitters are transmitted.

The neuron sending the signal across the synapse, releasing neurotransmitters.

The neuron receiving the signal after neurotransmitter binding.

A synapse where the terminal bouton of one neuron connects to the dendrite of another neuron.

A synapse where the terminal bouton connects directly to the soma (cell body) of another neuron.

A synapse where one neuron's terminal bouton connects to another's terminal bouton.

The process where one neuron reduces the neurotransmitter release from another neuron.