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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of sensory nerves?
What is the primary function of sensory nerves?
Which option best describes the role of motor nerves?
Which option best describes the role of motor nerves?
What occurs at the synapse between neurons?
What occurs at the synapse between neurons?
What is an example of a reflex arc in the nervous system?
What is an example of a reflex arc in the nervous system?
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What do neuromuscular junctions specifically refer to?
What do neuromuscular junctions specifically refer to?
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Which of the following statements about neurotransmitters is correct?
Which of the following statements about neurotransmitters is correct?
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What type of communication occurs at the neuromuscular junction?
What type of communication occurs at the neuromuscular junction?
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What happens at the motor end plate during muscle contraction?
What happens at the motor end plate during muscle contraction?
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Where are the cell bodies of motor neurons located?
Where are the cell bodies of motor neurons located?
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What is the role of the synaptic cleft in the neuromuscular junction?
What is the role of the synaptic cleft in the neuromuscular junction?
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What kind of axons do motor neurons have?
What kind of axons do motor neurons have?
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What initiates the contraction of skeletal muscle fibers at the neuromuscular junction?
What initiates the contraction of skeletal muscle fibers at the neuromuscular junction?
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What limits the frequency of impulses that a neuron can transmit?
What limits the frequency of impulses that a neuron can transmit?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in hyperpolarization at inhibitory synapses?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in hyperpolarization at inhibitory synapses?
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How do strong and weak stimuli differ in terms of action potentials?
How do strong and weak stimuli differ in terms of action potentials?
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What mechanism allows the action potential to travel without losing strength along the axon?
What mechanism allows the action potential to travel without losing strength along the axon?
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What ion enters the postsynaptic neuron when GABA binds to its receptor?
What ion enters the postsynaptic neuron when GABA binds to its receptor?
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What is the effect of a stronger stimulus on the frequency of action potentials?
What is the effect of a stronger stimulus on the frequency of action potentials?
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During depolarization, what happens to the sodium channels?
During depolarization, what happens to the sodium channels?
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How quickly can some neurons transmit impulses due to their refractory period?
How quickly can some neurons transmit impulses due to their refractory period?
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What is the primary function of the myelin sheath in neurons?
What is the primary function of the myelin sheath in neurons?
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How does hyperpolarization affect the postsynaptic membrane potential?
How does hyperpolarization affect the postsynaptic membrane potential?
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What role do voltage-gated sodium channels play in the propagation of action potentials?
What role do voltage-gated sodium channels play in the propagation of action potentials?
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What occurs at the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated neurons?
What occurs at the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated neurons?
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Which neurotransmitter binds to GABA receptors during inhibitory synapse activity?
Which neurotransmitter binds to GABA receptors during inhibitory synapse activity?
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What consequence does the opening of Cl- channels in the postsynaptic membrane lead to?
What consequence does the opening of Cl- channels in the postsynaptic membrane lead to?
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What is the resting membrane potential typically measured at in neurons?
What is the resting membrane potential typically measured at in neurons?
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What structural feature of muscle fibers aids in the organization of actin and myosin filaments?
What structural feature of muscle fibers aids in the organization of actin and myosin filaments?
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What does the term 'depolarization' refer to in neuronal activity?
What does the term 'depolarization' refer to in neuronal activity?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of myelinated neurons?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of myelinated neurons?
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What determines the frequency of action potentials generated by a neuron?
What determines the frequency of action potentials generated by a neuron?
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How does the propagation of an action potential occur along the plasma membrane?
How does the propagation of an action potential occur along the plasma membrane?
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Which process primarily describes the behavior of sodium channels during the initiation of an action potential?
Which process primarily describes the behavior of sodium channels during the initiation of an action potential?
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What role does GABA play at inhibitory synapses?
What role does GABA play at inhibitory synapses?
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What is the primary reason for the all-or-none principle of action potentials in neurons?
What is the primary reason for the all-or-none principle of action potentials in neurons?
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What distinguishes the role of afferent neurons from efferent neurons in the nervous system?
What distinguishes the role of afferent neurons from efferent neurons in the nervous system?
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Which of the following best describes the role of acetylcholinesterase at the neuromuscular junction?
Which of the following best describes the role of acetylcholinesterase at the neuromuscular junction?
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Which neuron morphology is most likely to be involved in sensory pathways?
Which neuron morphology is most likely to be involved in sensory pathways?
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What is the primary sequence of events leading to neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction?
What is the primary sequence of events leading to neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction?
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Which type of receptor plays a significant role in muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction?
Which type of receptor plays a significant role in muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction?
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Study Notes
Functional Ways to Classify Neurons
- Sensory nerves send information about the internal and external environment to the central nervous system.
- Motor nerves control muscle and gland function.
- Motor response to sensory input depends on the integration of information.
- Interconnections between nerves are called reflex arcs.
The Synapse
- The synapse is the junction between one neuron and the next cell.
- The synapse is a specialized structure that converts electrical impulses into chemical signals for communication between cells.
- Synaptic communication can occur in:
- Nerve-Nerve
- Nerve-Organ/Organ-Nerve
- Nerve-Muscle
- Nerve-Gland
- Neuromuscular junctions are synapses between nerve and muscle cells.
Neurotransmitters
- Neurotransmitters are typically small, rapid-acting molecules.
- Some neurons can transmit up to 500-1000 impulses per second.
The Action Potential
- The strength of the action potential is an intrinsic property of the cell.
- The strength of the stimulus is encoded in the frequency of the action potentials it generates.
- Inhibitory synapses hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane.
- Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) can act as an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
- GABA opens ligand-gated chloride (Cl−) channels.
- Chloride ions increase the membrane potential.
Myelination of Neurons
- Most neurons are encased in a fatty sheath called the myelin sheath.
- Myelin functions as an electrical insulator.
- Myelin is formed by Schwann cells (in the peripheral nervous system) or oligodendrocytes (in the central nervous system).
- The voltage-gated sodium channels of myelinated neurons are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier.
- Action potentials "jump" from one node of Ranvier to the next, which speeds up the speed of propagation.
Categorization of Muscle Types
- Muscle cytoplasm is mostly actin and myosin filaments.
- Nuclei and organelles are located at the edge of the muscle cell.
- The sarcoplasmic reticulum is arranged in a system of tubes around groups of myofibrils.
Skeletal Muscle
- Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and allows for voluntary movement.
Peripheral Nervous System and Neuromuscular Junctions
- Motor neurons connect the CNS to muscles and glands.
- Somatic motor nerves innervate skeletal muscle.
- Autonomic nerves innervate cardiac or smooth muscle.
Motor Neurons Innervate Skeletal Muscle Fibers
- Motor neuron cell bodies are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
- Motor neurons have thick, myelinated axons.
- Motor neurons lose their myelin sheath at the motor end plate.
- Each axon terminal forms a neuromuscular junction with a single muscle fiber.
The Neuromuscular Junction
- Motor neurons and skeletal muscle fibers are chemically linked at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ).
- Action potentials traveling down motor neurons cause the contraction of skeletal muscle fibers.
- The NMJ always has an excitatory effect on skeletal muscle.
- Single vesicle release creates miniature end plate potentials (mEPP).
End Plate Potential
- Muscle fibers have a resting membrane potential of −80 mV.
- Influx of sodium ions reduces the membrane potential, creating an end plate potential.
- The magnitude of the end plate potential depends on the amount and duration of acetylcholine (ACh) present.
- The depolarizing effect of the end plate potential opens voltage-gated sodium channels, eliciting an action potential in the muscle fiber.
- The action potential leads to muscle contraction.
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Description
Dive into the functional classification of neurons, exploring sensory, motor, and interneurons. Learn about synapses, neurotransmitters, and the action potential, essential for nerve communication and response. This quiz covers key concepts necessary for understanding neural interactions.