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Questions and Answers
What type of cells line the ventricles of the brain?
What type of cells line the ventricles of the brain?
ependymal cells
Which of these would you NOT find in the cerebral cortex?
Which of these would you NOT find in the cerebral cortex?
- Neurons
- Dendrites
- Fiber tracts (correct)
- Glial cells
If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________.
If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________.
spinal cord may be affected
White matter (myelinated fibers) is found in all of the following locations except the ________.
White matter (myelinated fibers) is found in all of the following locations except the ________.
Which of the following is NOT a role of the basal nuclei?
Which of the following is NOT a role of the basal nuclei?
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________.
An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________.
Broca's area ________.
Broca's area ________.
Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?
Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?
The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensing a full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________.
The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensing a full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________.
The large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the ________.
The large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the ________.
A patient is admitted to the rehabilitation unit five days after having a stroke. What part of the brain was injured?
A patient is admitted to the rehabilitation unit five days after having a stroke. What part of the brain was injured?
Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres?
Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres?
Which of the following best describes the cerebrum?
Which of the following best describes the cerebrum?
A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a ________.
A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a ________.
The central sulcus separates which lobes?
The central sulcus separates which lobes?
Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________.
Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________.
The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________.
The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________.
The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________.
The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________.
Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________.
Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________.
Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following EXCEPT ________.
Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following EXCEPT ________.
What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
Nuclei of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), and VII (facial) are found in the ________.
Nuclei of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), and VII (facial) are found in the ________.
Vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.
Vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.
Degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the ________ is the ultimate cause of Parkinson's disease.
Degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the ________ is the ultimate cause of Parkinson's disease.
The two longitudinal ridges on the medulla oblongata where many descending fibers cross over are called the ________.
The two longitudinal ridges on the medulla oblongata where many descending fibers cross over are called the ________.
The corpora quadrigemina are found in the ________.
The corpora quadrigemina are found in the ________.
The brain stem consists of the ________.
The brain stem consists of the ________.
Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)?
Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)?
The arbor vitae refers to ________.
The arbor vitae refers to ________.
All of the following are structures of the limbic system EXCEPT the ________.
All of the following are structures of the limbic system EXCEPT the ________.
The light of dawn and the buzz of an alarm clock lead to wakefulness through the ________.
The light of dawn and the buzz of an alarm clock lead to wakefulness through the ________.
The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________.
The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________.
Which of the following structures is probably NOT directly involved in memory?
Which of the following structures is probably NOT directly involved in memory?
Which statement about epilepsy is most accurate?
Which statement about epilepsy is most accurate?
Which brain waves are uncommon for awake adults, but are common for children?
Which brain waves are uncommon for awake adults, but are common for children?
Which type of memory is exemplified by a racing heartbeat upon hearing a rattlesnake nearby?
Which type of memory is exemplified by a racing heartbeat upon hearing a rattlesnake nearby?
Which type of wave predominates during stage 4 NREM sleep?
Which type of wave predominates during stage 4 NREM sleep?
The ________ is the main switch station for memory; if the right and left areas are destroyed, the result is widespread amnesia.
The ________ is the main switch station for memory; if the right and left areas are destroyed, the result is widespread amnesia.
Sleepwalking may occur during ________.
Sleepwalking may occur during ________.
The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________.
The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________.
Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano?
Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano?
REM sleep is associated with ________.
REM sleep is associated with ________.
Which statement about coma is true?
Which statement about coma is true?
Declarative memory ________.
Declarative memory ________.
Which of the following would you NOT find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?
Which of the following would you NOT find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the CSF?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the CSF?
Which ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord?
Which ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord?
Arachnoid granulations are knoblike projections that protrude superiorly through the ________ mater to absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood.
Arachnoid granulations are knoblike projections that protrude superiorly through the ________ mater to absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood.
Which of the following is a dural septum, described as a large sickle-shaped fold that dips into the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres?
Which of the following is a dural septum, described as a large sickle-shaped fold that dips into the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres?
The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________.
The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________.
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?
Tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of ________.
Tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of ________.
Mrs. Sagalov has recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. What clinical symptoms is she likely to show?
Mrs. Sagalov has recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. What clinical symptoms is she likely to show?
Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury?
Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury?
Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ________.
Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ________.
The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________.
The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________.
An individual accidentally transected (cut across) the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________.
An individual accidentally transected (cut across) the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________.
Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________.
Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________.
Interneurons receiving input from sensory neurons are located in the ________.
Interneurons receiving input from sensory neurons are located in the ________.
Death from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis usually results from respiratory infection secondary to compromised respiratory function. Why?
Death from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis usually results from respiratory infection secondary to compromised respiratory function. Why?
Spinocerebellar tracts ________.
Spinocerebellar tracts ________.
Neural tracts that convey information to the brain concerning temperature and pain would be ________.
Neural tracts that convey information to the brain concerning temperature and pain would be ________.
Important nuclei of the indirect (multineuronal) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ________.
Important nuclei of the indirect (multineuronal) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ________.
Second-order neurons of ascending pathways that contribute to sensory perception terminate in the ________.
Second-order neurons of ascending pathways that contribute to sensory perception terminate in the ________.
Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________.
Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________.
Study Notes
Cell Types and Brain Structures
- Ependymal cells line the ventricles of the brain.
- The cerebral cortex contains no fiber tracts.
- The caudal portion of the neural tube's failure may affect spinal cord development.
Brain Anatomy
- White matter (myelinated fibers) is absent in the cerebral cortex.
- Basal nuclei do not initiate protective reflex actions.
- Damage to the primary motor cortex impacts voluntary muscle control but not all reflexive contractions.
Functional Areas of Cortex
- Visual association area damage may lead to inability to recognize objects (e.g., bicycle).
- Broca's area is categorized as a motor speech area.
- Prefrontal cortex handles intellect, cognition, recall, and personality.
- Visceral sensory area detects sensations like a full bladder and breath-holding discomfort.
Hemispheric Connections and Fissures
- The corpus callosum connects the brain's right and left hemispheres.
- The longitudinal fissure separates cerebral hemispheres.
- A shallow groove on the cortex's surface is termed a sulcus, while ridges are known as gyri.
Lobes and Functions
- The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes.
- The lateral sulcus divides the frontal and temporal lobes.
- The primary auditory cortex is located in the temporal lobe.
Motor Control and Coordination
- Loss of skilled motor activity without muscle weakness implies potential premotor cortex damage.
- Injury to the hypothalamus does not result in loss of fine motor control.
- The infundibulum connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.
Brain Components and Functions
- Diencephalon includes thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
- Cranial nerve nuclei V, VI, and VII are housed in the pons.
- Vital functions like heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are managed by the medulla oblongata.
- Parkinson’s disease arises from degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons in the substantia nigra.
- Pyramids on the medulla are where many descending fibers cross.
Brainstem and Motor Activity
- The midbrain contains the corpora quadrigemina.
- The brain stem encompasses the midbrain, pons, and medulla.
- Red nuclei are involved in motor activity initiation and coordination.
Cerebellar Functions
- Arbor vitae refers to the white matter of the cerebellum.
- Structures like the caudate nucleus are not part of the limbic system.
- The reticular activating system promotes wakefulness in response to environmental cues.
Memory and Sleep Patterns
- Emotions trigger specific types of memory, exemplified by heightened awareness when encountering threats.
- Delta waves dominate during stage 4 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.
- The hippocampus is crucial for memory; damage can lead to widespread amnesia.
- Sleepwalking can occur in NREM stage 4.
Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- The subarachnoid space lies between the arachnoid and pia mater.
- CSF functions do not include initiating nerve impulses, and it lacks red blood cells.
- Arachnoid granulations absorb CSF into venous blood through the dura mater.
- The falx cerebri is a dural septum dividing the cerebral hemispheres.
Neurological Conditions
- Symptoms of Parkinson's disease include tremors, shuffling gait, and stooped posture.
- Alzheimer's disease results in cognitive deficits and personality changes.
- Concussions are the mildest form of traumatic brain injury.
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Function
- The dorsal root ganglia contain sensory neuron cell bodies.
- White matter in the spinal cord has both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers.
- Transection of the spinal cord between T1 and L1 results in paraplegia.
- Spastic paralysis indicates issues with upper motor neurons.
Sensory Pathways
- Lateral spinothalamic tracts convey temperature and pain information to the brain.
- Spinocerebellar tracts relay information about muscle/tendon stretch to the cerebellum.
- Second-order neurons in sensory pathways terminate in the thalamus.
- Pyramidal and corticospinal nomenclatures refer to significant motor tracts.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of the key concepts in neuroscience with these flashcards covering Chapter 12. Explore topics like brain structure and cell types, and reinforce your understanding with definitions and examples. Perfect for students preparing for exams or anyone interested in brain anatomy.
