Neuroscience Chapter 12 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What type of cells line the ventricles of the brain?

ependymal cells

Which of these would you NOT find in the cerebral cortex?

Neurons

Dendrites

Fiber tracts (correct)

Glial cells

If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________.

spinal cord may be affected

White matter (myelinated fibers) is found in all of the following locations except the ________.

cerebral cortex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a role of the basal nuclei?

Initiating protective reflex actions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Damage to the primary motor cortex spares all reflexive contractions. Signup and view all the answers

An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________.

visual association area Signup and view all the answers

Broca's area ________.

is considered a motor speech area Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?

prefrontal cortex (anterior association area) Signup and view all the answers

The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensing a full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________.

visceral sensory area Signup and view all the answers

The large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the ________.

corpus callosum Signup and view all the answers

A patient is admitted to the rehabilitation unit five days after having a stroke. What part of the brain was injured?

There was damage to localized areas of the primary motor cortex in the left cerebral hemisphere. Signup and view all the answers

Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres?

longitudinal fissure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the cerebrum?

executive suite Signup and view all the answers

A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a ________.

sulcus Signup and view all the answers

The central sulcus separates which lobes?

frontal from parietal Signup and view all the answers

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________.

gyri Signup and view all the answers

The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________.

lateral sulcus Signup and view all the answers

The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________.

temporal lobe Signup and view all the answers

Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________.

premotor cortex Signup and view all the answers

Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following EXCEPT ________.

Loss of fine motor control Signup and view all the answers

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

infundibulum Signup and view all the answers

The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

diencephalon Signup and view all the answers

Nuclei of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), and VII (facial) are found in the ________.

pons Signup and view all the answers

Vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.

medulla oblongata Signup and view all the answers

Degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the ________ is the ultimate cause of Parkinson's disease.

substantia nigra Signup and view all the answers

The two longitudinal ridges on the medulla oblongata where many descending fibers cross over are called the ________.

pyramids Signup and view all the answers

The corpora quadrigemina are found in the ________.

midbrain Signup and view all the answers

The brain stem consists of the ________.

midbrain, medulla, and pons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

The arbor vitae refers to ________.

cerebellar white matter Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are structures of the limbic system EXCEPT the ________.

Caudate nucleus Signup and view all the answers

The light of dawn and the buzz of an alarm clock lead to wakefulness through the ________.

reticular activating system Signup and view all the answers

The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________.

reticular formation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is probably NOT directly involved in memory?

Medulla oblongata Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about epilepsy is most accurate?

Epilepsy is often genetically induced but also frequently caused by head trauma, stroke, infection, and tumor. Signup and view all the answers

Which brain waves are uncommon for awake adults, but are common for children?

Theta Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is exemplified by a racing heartbeat upon hearing a rattlesnake nearby?

Emotional Signup and view all the answers

Which type of wave predominates during stage 4 NREM sleep?

Delta Signup and view all the answers

The ________ is the main switch station for memory; if the right and left areas are destroyed, the result is widespread amnesia.

hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

Sleepwalking may occur during ________.

NREM stage 4 Signup and view all the answers

The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________.

Association Signup and view all the answers

Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano?

Procedural Signup and view all the answers

REM sleep is associated with ________.

temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about coma is true?

Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma. Signup and view all the answers

Declarative memory ________.

is the ability to learn specific information Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would you NOT find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?

Red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the CSF?

Initiation of some nerve impulses Signup and view all the answers

Which ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord?

fourth Signup and view all the answers

Arachnoid granulations are knoblike projections that protrude superiorly through the ________ mater to absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood.

dura Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a dural septum, described as a large sickle-shaped fold that dips into the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres?

falx cerebri Signup and view all the answers

The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________.

metabolic waste such as urea Signup and view all the answers

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?

arachnoid and pia Signup and view all the answers

Tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of ________.

Parkinson's disease Signup and view all the answers

Mrs. Sagalov has recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. What clinical symptoms is she likely to show?

She will show increasing cognitive deficits, including difficulties with memory and attention, and personality changes such as irritability, moodiness, and confusion. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury?

Concussion Signup and view all the answers

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ________.

the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________.

myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers Signup and view all the answers

An individual accidentally transected (cut across) the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________.

paraplegia Signup and view all the answers

Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________.

upper motor neurons Signup and view all the answers

Interneurons receiving input from sensory neurons are located in the ________.

dorsal (posterior) horn Signup and view all the answers

Death from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis usually results from respiratory infection secondary to compromised respiratory function. Why?

When the lungs have difficulty fully expanding, secretions may develop, causing respiratory infection. Signup and view all the answers

Spinocerebellar tracts ________.

carry information about muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

Neural tracts that convey information to the brain concerning temperature and pain would be ________.

lateral spinothalamic Signup and view all the answers

Important nuclei of the indirect (multineuronal) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ________.

vestibular nuclei Signup and view all the answers

Second-order neurons of ascending pathways that contribute to sensory perception terminate in the ________.

thalamus Signup and view all the answers

Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________.

pyramidal and corticospinal Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Types and Brain Structures

Ependymal cells line the ventricles of the brain.
The cerebral cortex contains no fiber tracts.
The caudal portion of the neural tube's failure may affect spinal cord development.

Brain Anatomy

White matter (myelinated fibers) is absent in the cerebral cortex.
Basal nuclei do not initiate protective reflex actions.
Damage to the primary motor cortex impacts voluntary muscle control but not all reflexive contractions.

Functional Areas of Cortex

Visual association area damage may lead to inability to recognize objects (e.g., bicycle).
Broca's area is categorized as a motor speech area.
Prefrontal cortex handles intellect, cognition, recall, and personality.
Visceral sensory area detects sensations like a full bladder and breath-holding discomfort.

Hemispheric Connections and Fissures

The corpus callosum connects the brain's right and left hemispheres.
The longitudinal fissure separates cerebral hemispheres.
A shallow groove on the cortex's surface is termed a sulcus, while ridges are known as gyri.

Lobes and Functions

The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes.
The lateral sulcus divides the frontal and temporal lobes.
The primary auditory cortex is located in the temporal lobe.

Motor Control and Coordination

Loss of skilled motor activity without muscle weakness implies potential premotor cortex damage.
Injury to the hypothalamus does not result in loss of fine motor control.
The infundibulum connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

Brain Components and Functions

Diencephalon includes thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
Cranial nerve nuclei V, VI, and VII are housed in the pons.
Vital functions like heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are managed by the medulla oblongata.
Parkinson’s disease arises from degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons in the substantia nigra.
Pyramids on the medulla are where many descending fibers cross.

Brainstem and Motor Activity

The midbrain contains the corpora quadrigemina.
The brain stem encompasses the midbrain, pons, and medulla.
Red nuclei are involved in motor activity initiation and coordination.

Cerebellar Functions

Arbor vitae refers to the white matter of the cerebellum.
Structures like the caudate nucleus are not part of the limbic system.
The reticular activating system promotes wakefulness in response to environmental cues.

Memory and Sleep Patterns

Emotions trigger specific types of memory, exemplified by heightened awareness when encountering threats.
Delta waves dominate during stage 4 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.
The hippocampus is crucial for memory; damage can lead to widespread amnesia.
Sleepwalking can occur in NREM stage 4.

Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

The subarachnoid space lies between the arachnoid and pia mater.
CSF functions do not include initiating nerve impulses, and it lacks red blood cells.
Arachnoid granulations absorb CSF into venous blood through the dura mater.
The falx cerebri is a dural septum dividing the cerebral hemispheres.

Neurological Conditions

Symptoms of Parkinson's disease include tremors, shuffling gait, and stooped posture.
Alzheimer's disease results in cognitive deficits and personality changes.
Concussions are the mildest form of traumatic brain injury.

Spinal Cord Anatomy and Function

The dorsal root ganglia contain sensory neuron cell bodies.
White matter in the spinal cord has both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers.
Transection of the spinal cord between T1 and L1 results in paraplegia.
Spastic paralysis indicates issues with upper motor neurons.

Sensory Pathways

Lateral spinothalamic tracts convey temperature and pain information to the brain.
Spinocerebellar tracts relay information about muscle/tendon stretch to the cerebellum.
Second-order neurons in sensory pathways terminate in the thalamus.
Pyramidal and corticospinal nomenclatures refer to significant motor tracts.

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Test your knowledge of the key concepts in neuroscience with these flashcards covering Chapter 12. Explore topics like brain structure and cell types, and reinforce your understanding with definitions and examples. Perfect for students preparing for exams or anyone interested in brain anatomy.