Neuroscience Chapter: Brain Anatomy Quiz
52 Questions
3 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which structure is considered the superior part of the brain and contains the majority of its mass?

  • Cerebrum (correct)
  • Diencephalon
  • Cerebellum
  • Brain Stem

    • What divides each cerebral hemisphere?

  • Cerebral cortex
  • Longitudinal fissure (correct)
  • Cerebral white matter
  • Lateral sulcus

    • Which of the following is NOT one of the gross anatomical divisions of the brain?

  • Diencephalon
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Medulla Oblongata (correct)

    • Which component of a cerebral hemisphere's structure is responsible for the outer layer of the brain?

    <p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of gyri in the cerebral hemispheres?

    <p>Increase surface area of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure lies deep to the cerebral hemispheres?

    <p>Diencephalon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical feature is characterized as a deep sulcus of the brain?

    <p>Fissures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are pathophysiological changes in brain tissue typically correlated with cerebral blood flow?

    <p>Decreased blood flow can result in tissue damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron is responsible for transmitting sensory information toward the central nervous system?

    <p>Afferent neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of myelin in neuron structure?

    <p>To increase the transmission rate of nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system integrates sensory information from multiple sources?

    <p>Somatosensory association cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of supporting cell is known for participating in synaptic interactions?

    <p>Certain types of glial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT classified as part of the diencephalon?

    <p>Midbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the olfactory cortex primarily serve?

    <p>Sense of smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of processes in a neuron carries impulses away from the cell body?

    <p>Axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

    <p>The permeability of the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function primarily describes the role of astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Protecting neurons from harmful substances in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ependymal cells in the CNS?

    <p>Circulating cerebrospinal fluid using cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glial cell type is responsible for forming myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

    <p>Schwann cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the CNS?

    <p>Regulating the movement of substances into the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of glial cells are present in both the CNS and PNS, with distinct roles?

    <p>Astrocytes and satellite cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when K+ binds to the pump protein during phosphorylation?

    <p>It causes a conformational change in the pump protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the membrane potential (Em) calculated using the Goldman Equation?

    <p>Multiplying Nernst potentials by the relative permeability of each ion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Nernst Equation predict about the ion's movement across the membrane?

    <p>There will be no net movement of that ion at the equilibrium potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pump protein after the loss of the phosphate group?

    <p>It reverts to its original conformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is there a negative sign in the Nernst Equation?

    <p>It represents an electrical potential difference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion has the highest concentration inside the cell as indicated in the table?

    <p>K+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the equation for the Goldman Equation, how are the concentrations of ions represented?

    <p>As intracellular (in) and extracellular (out) ratios.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge (Z) of sodium ions (Na+) in the provided context?

    <p>+1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary ion responsible for depolarization during an action potential?

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the permeability of the neuron membrane change during an action potential?

    <p>It increases for Na+ and decreases for K+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of the action potential in neurons?

    <p>To propagate an electrical signal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What membrane potential (Em) is associated with K+ ions during the action potential?

    <p>-90mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion has a low permeability (Perm) and a membrane potential of -60mV?

    <p>Cl-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the membrane potential as Na+ channels open during an action potential?

    <p>It depolarizes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the action potential does repolarization primarily occur?

    <p>After Na+ influx stops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when potassium ions (K+) permeate the neuron's membrane?

    <p>The membrane potential decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of applying PK2 on the membrane potential?

    <p>It alters the membrane potential over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the threshold potential for triggering an action potential?

    <p>-40mV.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the resting membrane potential in a cell?

    <p>The relative concentration of ions inside and outside of the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during depolarization of a neuron?

    <p>The removal of the polarized state happens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the sodium-potassium pump function?

    <p>It releases Na+ and binds K+ from the extracellular fluid simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the hyperpolarized state of a cell?

    <p>The cell possesses a greater negative charge than normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the behavior of voltage gated sodium channels?

    <p>They open rapidly and then become inactivated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of voltage gated ion channels, how does membrane potential affect their function?

    <p>They respond to changes in membrane potential by opening or closing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does repolarization of a neuron entail?

    <p>Returning to a polarized state after depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial effect of opening voltage gated potassium channels?

    <p>It results in the efflux of potassium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the voltage level typically associated with a resting membrane potential?

    <p>-70 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the inactivation of voltage gated sodium channels?

    <p>A return to resting membrane potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions is primarily involved in establishing the resting membrane potential?

    <p>Potassium ions ($K^{+}$)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the action of the sodium-potassium pump essential for resting membrane potential?

    <p>It maintains the concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ across the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would likely happen if the membrane became highly permeable to sodium ions?

    <p>The cell would depolarize rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Human Physiology 2 - Course Information

    • Course name: Human Physiology 2
    • Course code: PHYG 13383D
    • Lectures: Mondays and Wednesdays, 12-2 PM

    Evaluation Plan

    • Assignment: 10%
    • Quizzes (6): 15%
    • Midterm Exam 1: 25%
    • Midterm Exam 2: 25%
    • Final Exam: 25%
    • Total: 100%

    Lecture 1: Organization of the Nervous System

    • Textbook: Sherwood & Ward 5th Edition, Chapters 3, 4, 5
    • Topic focus: The organization of the nervous system

    Objectives (Knowledge)

    • Levels of organization of the nervous system
    • Distinguishing structurally and functionally between neurons and neuroglia
    • Mechanisms of brain homeostasis maintenance
    • Review of gross anatomical divisions of the brain (BIOL 19201)

    Objectives (Application)

    • Describe how brain homeostasis can be altered
    • Correlate pathophysiological changes in brain tissue with obstructions in cerebral blood flow

    Major Structures within the Brain and Organization of the Nervous System

    • Central nervous system (CNS): Includes the brain and spinal cord, responsible for integrative and control center functions
    • Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Includes cranial nerves and spinal nerves, responsible for communication between the CNS and the rest of the body
    • Sensory (afferent) division: Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
    • Motor (efferent) division: Conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
    • Autonomic nervous system (ANS): Responsible for involuntary control of visceral functions
    • Somatic nervous system: Responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles
    • Sympathetic division: Mobilizes the body during emergencies
    • Parasympathetic division: Conserves energy and promotes non-emergency functions and conditions

    Major Structures within the Brain:

    • Cerebrum: Largest part, with four lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital) and three basic regions: cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, and basal nuclei; 83% of brain mass
    • Diencephalon: Contains the thalamus (relay center for sensory input) and hypothalamus (homeostatic control center)
    • Brain Stem: Connects the brain to the spinal cord; includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata; responsible for integration of motor output and sensory perception.
    • Cerebellum: Posterior to the brain stem; monitors and enhances motor system functions.

    Specific details

    • Cerebral Cortex: Superficial gray matter; critical for sensory perception, memory, communication, understanding voluntary movement; each hemisphere largely acts contralateral; Lateralization
    • Cerebral White Matter: Responsible for communication between different brain areas
    • Commissures: Connect areas between the two cerebral hemispheres. Enable the hemispheres to work as a whole
    • Association Fibers: Connect different parts of the same hemisphere
    • Projection Fibers: Connect the cortex to the diencephalon and other structures.
    • Basal Nuclei: Located deep within cerebral white matter, crucial for control of movement, particularly through inhibition of muscle tone.
    • Thalamus: Relay station for sensory input, including crude sensation awareness and role in motor control
    • Hypothalamus: Central for homeostatic function (temperature regulation, thirst, urine control, hunger), plays a vital role in the sleep-wake cycle
    • Specialized structures: Broca’s area for speech; Wernicke’s for language comprehension.

    Quiz Questions

    • The brain and spinal cord are part of the nervous system.
    • Four brain lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital.
    • An area of the brain involved in motor control: primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, frontal eye field
    • A structure of the diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus
    • A structure of the brain stem: pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain
    • Sensory neurons enter the spinal cord through the dorsal horn.
    • Direction of afferent neuron information: toward the brain.

    Cells of the Nervous System

    • Neurons: Highly specialized cells responsible for transmitting nerve impulses
      • Dendrites: Carry impulses toward the cell body.
      • Axons: Conduct impulses away from the cell body.
    • Supporting Cells (Glial): Do not participate directly in synaptic interactions, but are supportive in nature. They are more numerous than neurons (~90% of nervous tissue).

    Neuron Action Potential and Graded Potentials

    • Action potential (AP): Sudden and rapid changes in membrane permeability caused by ion channels opening and closing; propagated as an electrical current to trigger chemical responses (e.g., neurotransmitter release at synapses)
    • Graded potentials: Small, localized changes in membrane potential; crucial for initiating action potentials; includes EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) and IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials)
    • Sequence of events:
    1. Presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters
    2. Neurotransmitters bind to postsynaptic receptors
    3. Ion channels open or close, leading to EPSPs or IPSPs.
    4. Spatial and temporal summation of graded potentials lead to the generation of action potentials.

    Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators

    • Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers that carry signals between neurons. Examples: acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, glutamate, GABA.
    • Neuromodulators: Chemical messengers influencing the strength or transmission of neurotransmitter signals. Examples include: serotonin, altering the sensitivity of the postsynaptic membrane to neurotransmitters
      • SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) prevent the reabsorption of serotonin, leading to more prolonged effects of serotonin
      • MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) prevent the breakdown of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, prolonging their effect

    Maintenance of CNS Homeostasis

    • Meninges: Protective membranes surrounding the CNS. Composed of the Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, and Pia Mater
    • Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB): Structures that control the passage of substances from the blood into the CNS.
    • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Protective fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
    • Blood Supply: Provides adequate nutrients to maintain normal neuronal and glial functions. Maintaining sufficient blood flow is crucial for the CNS.
    • Clinical Case: An example of epidural hemorrhage impacting CNS homeostasis. (Describes symptoms)

    Glial Cells-Supporting Cells of the Nervous System

    • Astrocytes: Most abundant glial cells, provide structural support, regulate the chemical environment around neurons, and assist in nutrient and waste exchange
    • Microglia: Immune cells of the CNS that act as phagocytes to remove cellular debris and infectious agents
    • Ependymal cells: Line ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord, and help circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
    • Oligodendrocytes: Form myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS.
    • Satellite cells: Surround neuron cell bodies in the PNS, providing support and protection
    • Schwann cells: Form myelin sheaths around axons in the PNS.

    Additional Information

    • The presentation also includes images and diagrams of the listed components which aid in visualization and understanding.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Lecture 1 - Organization of the Nervous System PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the brain with this informative quiz. Cover questions about the structure, function, and components of the cerebral hemispheres and other parts of the brain. Ideal for students studying neuroscience or related fields.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser