Neuroscience: Brain Functions and Disorders
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of gyri and sulci in the human brain?

  • To regulate body temperature
  • To facilitate communication between hemispheres
  • To enhance the production of neurotransmitters
  • To increase the amount of cortex in the cranial cavity (correct)

Aphasia only affects spoken language and does not impact written language.

False (B)

What type of brain waves are associated with deep sleep?

Delta waves

The __________ lobe is responsible for voluntary motor functions and motivation.

<p>frontal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of brain waves with their corresponding states:

<p>Alpha waves = Awake and resting Beta waves = Mental activity and sensory stimulation Theta waves = Drowsy or emotionally stressed Delta waves = Deep sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about cerebral lateralization is correct?

<p>Males tend to exhibit more lateralization than females. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the brain is responsible for understanding spoken language?

<p>Wernicke’s area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Disconnection syndrome occurs when the corpus callosum is intact.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The left hemisphere of the brain is responsible for processing visual and spatial information.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the precentral gyrus?

<p>It sends signals to the brainstem and spinal cord for muscle contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain is responsible for sensory perception and voluntary motor actions?

<p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ connects different regions within the same hemisphere of the brain.

<p>association tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following regions of the brain with their primary functions:

<p>Temporal lobe = Hearing and smell Insula = Understanding spoken language Postcentral gyrus = Receiving sensory input Cerebral cortex = Making up 40% of brain mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tract primarily crosses from one cerebral hemisphere to the other?

<p>Commissural tracts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neocortex constitutes 25% of the cerebral cortex.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the limbic system?

<p>It is the center of emotion and learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gyri/sulci

Folds (gyri) and grooves (sulci) in the brain that increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex.

Disconnection syndrome

A neurological condition where cutting the corpus callosum isolates the brain hemispheres, causing them to operate independently.

Aphasia

Language impairment caused by damage to specific brain regions like Wernicke's or Broca's area.

Nonfluent aphasia

A type of aphasia characterized by slow and effortful speech, difficulty choosing words.

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Cerebral lateralization

Differences in structure and function between the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

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Prefrontal cortex

Part of frontal lobe, integrates sensory info and allows higher-level thinking (predicting outcomes).

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Alpha waves

Brain waves associated with a relaxed, awake state with closed eyes and a calm mind.

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Delta waves

High-amplitude brain waves associated with deep sleep.

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Cerebral Cortex Function

40% of brain mass, a layered gray matter structure primarily responsible for higher-level functions like thought, language, and memory.

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Neocortex Function

Makes up 90% of the cerebral cortex, a six-layered tissue part of the cortex with more recent evolutionary origin.

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Postcentral Gyrus Function

Site where sensory input becomes conscious; exhibits somatotopy, a point-to-point correspondence between body areas and brain areas.

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Primary Visual Cortex Function

Receives visual signals from the eyes.

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Primary Motor Area (Precentral Gyrus)

Sends signals to the brainstem and spinal cord, controlling muscle contractions.

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Wernicke's Area Function

Located in the left hemisphere, responsible for understanding spoken and written language.

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Broca's Area Function

Located in the left hemisphere, involved in generating the motor movements for speech.

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Limbic System Function

Central to emotion and learning, linking conscious functions with emotional states and memory storage and retrieval.

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Study Notes

Terms

  • Gyri/sulci: Increase the amount of cortex in the cranial cavity.
  • Disconnection syndrome: Occurs when the corpus callosum is severed, causing each hemisphere to be unaware of the other.
  • Aphasia: Language deficits due to lesions in Wernicke's or Broca's areas.
  • Nonfluent aphasia: Characterized by slow speech and difficulty choosing words.
  • Fluent aphasia: Involves the creation of made-up words.
  • Cerebral lateralization: Structural and functional differences between the cerebral hemispheres, pronounced more in males.

Brain Functions

  • Electroencephalogram (EEG): Records brain waves, used to study normal brain function, like sleep and consciousness. Lack of brain waves is a sign of brain death.
  • Alpha waves: Indicate wakefulness, rest, and mind-wandering with eyes closed.
  • Beta waves: Associated with mental activity and sensory stimulation.
  • Theta waves: Common in children, intensely frustrated individuals, and drowsy/sleeping adults.
  • Delta waves: High-amplitude waves typically found in deep sleep in adults.

Parts of the Brain

  • Cerebrum: Responsible for sensory perception, memory, thought, judgment, and voluntary motor actions. Divided by a longitudinal fissure into two hemispheres.
  • Cerebral hemispheres: Receive sensory information from and send motor commands to the opposite side of the body.
  • Cerebral cortex: Contains white matter and specific functions aren't precisely linked to specific regions.
  • Frontal lobe: Involved in voluntary motor functions, motivation, foresight (prefrontal cortex).
  • Parietal lobe: Integrates general senses and taste, between the central sulcus and parieto-occipital sulcus.
  • Occipital lobe: Primary visual center of the brain, located caudal to the parieto-occipital sulcus.
  • Temporal lobe: Situated lateral and horizontal, below the lateral sulcus, involved with hearing, smell, learning.
  • Insula: Deep within the lateral sulcus, linked to understanding spoken language and taste.

Cranial Nerves and other structures

  • Projection: Structures extending vertically between the cerebrum, lower brain, and spinal cord center.

  • Commissural: Connects different regions within the same hemisphere.

  • Corpus callosum: Important structure for commissural connections.

  • Association fibers: Connect different regions within the same hemisphere.

  • Limbic system: A complex system related to emotions and learning, from specific regions of cerebrum and diencephalon.

  • Postcentral gyrus: Sensory input processed here becomes conscious, spatial awareness.

  • Sensory areas: Receive and process sensory input from the body.

  • Visual cortex and auditory cortex: Crucial for processing visual and auditory sensory information.

  • Taste and smell areas: Processes taste and smell.

  • Precentral gyrus: (Primary motor cortex) sends signals to the brainstem and spinal cord, causing muscle contraction.

  • Language structures: Wernicke's and Broca's area are located in the left hemisphere for language processing and creation of spoken language.

  • Cranial nerves: A range of nerves with diverse functions, including sensory, motor, and mixed functions (e.g., olfactory, optic, oculomotor, etc.).

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Description

Explore key concepts in neuroscience, focusing on brain functions, communication disorders, and hemispheric specialization. This quiz covers terms like aphasia, EEG, and cerebral lateralization. Test your understanding of how brain structures correlate with various cognitive processes.

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