Neuroscience and Hormones Study Guide

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Questions and Answers

What develops when a zygote splits or two zygotes implant simultaneously?

Twins will develop (correct)

The pregnancy will become ectopic

The zygote will become aneuploidy

Miscarriage will occur

Which term describes the mass of circulating nuclei that move into the uterine lining, allowing the developing embryo to follow?

Hypoblast

Cytotrophoblast

Syncytiotrophoblast (correct)

Hypoblastocyst

What two structures are formed when the embryoblast splits during the bilaminar embryonic phase?

Hypoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

Epiblast and embryoblast

Hypoblast and epiblast (correct)

Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

What is contained within the trophoblastic lacunae?

Maternal blood Signup and view all the answers

Which group of specialized cells migrates through the primitive node towards the prechordal plate?

Notochordal process Signup and view all the answers

What does the mesoderm migrate to become as it moves cranially and laterally to the prechordal plate?

Lateral plate mesoderm Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common neonatal tumor that arises from the primitive streak?

Teratoma Signup and view all the answers

What signaling molecule influences the right-left body patterning?

Nodal Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in synaptic transmission?

AChE breaks down acetylcholine into acetate and choline, terminating the signal transmission. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) bind to stimulate cortisol release?

G-protein coupled receptor Signup and view all the answers

What physiological changes are typically observed during non-REM sleep in healthy adults?

Decreased body temperature and muscle tone. Signup and view all the answers

What physiological changes are associated with the onset of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep?

Decreased core body temperature and reduced metabolic rate. Signup and view all the answers

How does the anterior pituitary gland regulate physiological processes?

Through release of hormones like ACTH, part of a feedback loop with cortisol. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) play in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?

It indirectly influences the HPA axis through neural pathways regulating circadian rhythms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between rods and cones in the human visual system?

Rods are highly sensitive to low light and do not differentiate colors, while cones provide color vision. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for integrating olfactory information with memory formation?

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is false regarding anal development and the pectinate line?

The pectinate line is formed by an outpouching of the rectal pit. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the last unpaired arterial branch to come off of the abdominal aorta?

Inferior mesenteric Signup and view all the answers

Which structure divides the anterior and posterior chambers of the cloaca?

The urorectal septum, formed by ectoderm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes imperforate anus?

When the anal membrane remains intact Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological action of vasopressin in the human body?

Increase in water reabsorption in the kidneys to concentrate urine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is false regarding congenital megacolon?

It is always permanent without treatment. Signup and view all the answers

How do mutations in the RAS gene contribute to cancer development?

By resulting in the constant activation of RAS protein, leading to unchecked cell division Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is false regarding renal and reproductive development?

The urogenital ridges serve as primordia for kidneys, not gonads. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is false regarding the nephrogenic cords?

They are primordia of the gonads. Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily responsible for converting vitamin D3 into its active form?

Kidneys Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell junction allows ions and small molecules to pass directly between cells?

Gap junctions Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor does luteinizing hormone (LH) bind to in the ovaries and testes?

LH receptor Signup and view all the answers

What does the Purkinje effect refer to in visual perception?

The shift in peak sensitivity of rod cells from green to blue wavelengths under low-light conditions Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes cones in the fovea from rods in the retina?

Cones facilitate color vision and high acuity, while rods are more sensitive to low light Signup and view all the answers

Which function do opsins serve in photoreceptor cells?

Undergo a conformational change upon absorbing light, activating a G-protein signaling cascade Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neural crest cells during the formation of the suprarenal gland?

To become the medulla and surround cortical cells Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with Potter sequence?

Lung underdevelopment Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the allantois in embryonic development?

It develops into a thin layer associated with the urogenital sinus Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type gives rise to glands associated with the bladder or urethra?

Endodermal cells from the urogenital sinus Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of the mesonephric ducts in males during development?

They transform into the vas deferens Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a consequence of the allantois not disappearing properly during development?

It can lead to anomalies related to the umbilical cord Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not typically a result of oligohydramnios in prenatal development?

Excessive amniotic fluid accumulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of three waves of cell migration from the urogenital ridge?

Development of a trilaminar suprarenal gland Signup and view all the answers

Which phase in the metabolic response to trauma is characterized by a hypermetabolic state?

Flow phase Signup and view all the answers

What primarily describes juxtacrine signaling in cellular physiology?

Direct contact through membrane-bound molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cytokines in cell physiology?

Mediating communication between cells Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the movement of molecules across a permeable membrane without cellular energy?

Simple diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What role do peripheral integral proteins play in cell membranes?

Cell signaling and maintaining shape Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes endocrine signaling from paracrine and autocrine mechanisms?

Hormones acting on distant target cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cAMP in the signal transduction pathway initiated by GPCRs?

Acting as a second messenger activating protein kinase A Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily released by the posterior pituitary gland?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Final Study Guide

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks down acetylcholine, terminating signal transmission.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) binds to G-protein coupled receptors on adrenal gland cells to stimulate cortisol release.
Healthy adults typically experience decreased body temperature and muscle tone during non-REM sleep.
The anterior pituitary gland regulates physiological processes via hormone secretion, including ACTH, which interacts with cortisol via a feedback loop.
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) indirectly influences the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to regulate circadian rhythms.
Rods in the eye are highly sensitive to low light levels and do not differentiate colors, while cones perceive colors in well-lit conditions.
The hypothalamus, particularly the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), regulates the body's internal clock.
The hippocampus integrates olfactory information with memory formation.
Stereocilia in vestibular hair cells transduce mechanical stimuli into electrical signals.
Childbirth uterine contractions are primarily stimulated by the hormone oxytocin.

Additional Information

Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium homeostasis.
Rhodopsin kinase inactivates activated rhodopsin, ending phototransduction.
The utricle and saccule in the vestibular system detect linear acceleration and gravity.
Vitamin A is converted to retinal, which combines with opsin to form rhodopsin in the visual system.
Melatonin regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
REM sleep is characterized by rapid eye movement and vivid dreaming.
L-glutamate activates umami taste receptors, relayed to the gustatory cortex via the facial nerve.
The hypothalamus regulates the pituitary gland's hormone secretion.
Phosphoprotein phosphatases remove phosphate groups from phosphorylated proteins.
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) activate protein kinase A (PKA) via cyclic AMP (cAMP) production.
Elevated energy expenditure and protein catabolism typically occur in response to trauma during the flow phase.
Juxtacrine signaling involves direct contact between cells for communication.
Cytokines are signaling molecules mediating cell communication.
Simple diffusion occurs across permeable membranes without energy consumption.
Peripheral integral proteins are involved in cell signaling and maintaining cell shape.
Endocrine signaling uses hormones, paracrine signaling uses local signals, and autocrine signaling uses signals within the same cell.
cAMP acts as a secondary messenger, activating protein kinase A (PKA).
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is involved in the inflammatory response.
The posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
The epithelial cells form protective barriers.
Calcitriol increases calcium absorption.
RAS mutations lead to constant activation of the protein leading to unchecked cell division.
Kidneys transform vitamin D3 into its active form.
LH (luteinizing hormone) interacts with receptors in ovaries and testes.
Gap junctions allow small molecules to pass directly between cells.
Tight junctions form barriers preventing molecule passage.
The lymphatic system maintains fluid balance and removes excess interstitial fluid.
Hemodynamics is influenced by blood vessel diameter.
Inotropic refers to the force of heart muscle contraction.
The Frank-Starling mechanism influences the contractile strength of the heart.
The sinoatrial (SA) node is the primary pacemaker of the heart.
Cardiac circulation supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle and removes carbon dioxide.
Stroke volume is determined by preload.

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Description

Explore the key concepts in neuroscience and hormonal regulation with this study guide. From the role of acetylcholinesterase to the influence of the suprachiasmatic nucleus on circadian rhythms, this guide encompasses essential topics for understanding physiological processes. Perfect for preparing for exams in neuroscience or related fields.