Neuroscience and Hormones Study Guide

Breaks down acetylcholine, ending signal transmission.

G-protein coupled receptor on adrenal gland cells.

Decreased body temperature & muscle tone during NREM.

Decreased core temperature, reduced metabolic rate.

ACTH release, part of a feedback loop with cortisol.

Indirect influence via neural pathways, regulating circadian rhythms.

Rods: sensitive to low light, no color vision; Cones: color vision, bright light.

Hypothalamus, specifically the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN).

Characterized by a heightened metabolic state with increased energy expenditure and enhanced protein breakdown.

Requires direct contact between signaling and target cells via membrane-bound molecules.

Cytokines primarily serve as signaling molecules to communicate between cells.

Movement of molecules across a permeable membrane without the need for cellular energy.

Peripheral integral proteins contribute to cell signaling and maintain cell shape.

Endocrine signaling involves hormones acting on distant target cells, paracrine signaling involves localized action on nearby cells, and autocrine signaling involves responding to its own signal.

cAMP acts as a second messenger, activating protein kinase A (PKA) to phosphorylate target proteins.

Primarily involved in the inflammatory response following trauma.

Vasopressin primarily increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to concentrated urine production.

Mutations in the RAS gene can cause its protein to become constantly activated, leading to uncontrolled cell division and potentially cancer.

The kidneys are the primary organ responsible for converting inactive vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) into its active form, calcitriol.

The LH receptor is found on cells in both the ovaries and testes, facilitating the action of luteinizing hormone.

Gap junctions directly connect cells, allowing the passage of ions and small molecules, enabling intercellular communication.

Tight junctions act as a barrier, restricting the movement of molecules between adjacent cells, preventing leakage.

G-protein coupled receptors activate G-proteins when a ligand binds to them, initiating signal transduction pathways.

Insulin uses receptor tyrosine kinases to bind to cells and trigger its signal transduction pathway.

The trophoblast is a layer of cells surrounding the blastocyst that helps with implantation, exchanging gases and metabolites with the mother's blood supply.

Twins can develop when a single zygote splits into two embryos or when two separate zygotes implant simultaneously.

The syncytiotrophoblast is a layer of fused trophoblast cells that invades the uterine wall, facilitating the exchange of gases and nutrients with the mother.

This phase is marked by the embryoblast splitting into two layers: the hypoblast and the epiblast.

These spaces within the trophoblast contain maternal blood, providing a vital source of nutrients and oxygen for the developing embryo.

This is a group of specialized cells that migrate from the primitive node towards the prechordal plate, forming the basis for the vertebral column.

This mesoderm layer forms the body walls, limbs, and circulatory system.

This is a rare tumor that arises from the primitive streak and can contain multiple tissue types.

A line in the anal canal that marks the transition from the ectoderm of the anus to the endoderm of the rectum. It is formed by an outpouching of the rectal pit and is important for understanding different blood supplies and potential developmental issues.

The last unpaired arterial branch to come off the abdominal aorta. It supplies blood to the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.

A wall of mesoderm that divides the cloaca into an anterior chamber (urogenital sinus) and a posterior chamber (anal canal). It is essential for proper separation of the urinary and digestive systems.

A birth defect where the anal membrane remains intact, preventing the anus from opening. It is caused by the failure of the anal pit to meet the rectum.

A condition caused by the lack of ganglion cells in a segment of the colon, resulting in a failure of the muscle to relax and allow fecal material to pass. It is the most common cause of colon obstruction in newborns.

The primordia of the gonads and kidneys during development. It is derived from intermediate mesoderm and represents the initial stage of both reproductive and urinary organ development.

Structures formed from intermediate mesoderm during development. They are the primordia of the kidneys. They form three sets of kidneys: pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros.

Nephrogenic cords are only involved in kidney development, not the formation of gonads. The gonads develop from a separate part of the urogenital ridge.

The adrenal gland develops through a series of cell migrations: neural crest cells and cells from the urogenital ridge. Two layers of cortex form around the medulla, which originates from the neural crest.

A group of abnormalities often associated with oligohydramnios, including lung problems, limb malformations, and facial abnormalities. It can also involve issues with adrenal gland development

The allantois is a temporary structure that forms in the embryo. It connects to the developing bladder and extends into the umbilical cord. It plays a role in waste disposal and blood vessel development.

The urogenital sinus is a structure that develops into parts of the bladder, urethra, and reproductive system. It is involved in forming glands associated with these structures.

The mesonephric ducts play a crucial role in the development of the male and female reproductive systems. In men, they develop into the vas deferens, while in women, they regress.

If the allantois doesn't fully disappear, it can lead to various abnormalities. This can include bladder problems, urachal cysts, and urinary tract malformations.

Glands associated with the bladder and urethra develop from endodermal cells of the urogenital sinus

Oligohydramnios, a condition where there is too little amniotic fluid, can lead to various problems including Potter Sequence due to lack of cushioning for the fetus and potential issues with limb development.