Neuroscience and CTE Quiz
47 Questions
2 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a problem with the current diagnostic method for CTE?

  • There is no reliable way to connect behavioral changes to the presence of CTE.
  • CTE can only be confirmed via autopsy after death. (correct)
  • The staining technique used to identify tau protein is not reliable in all cases.
  • The specific regions of neuron death in the brain cannot be determined until after death. (correct)

    • What type of inference is used to connect CTE to behavioral changes?

  • Reverse inference (correct)
  • Deductive inference
  • Inductive inference
  • Direct inference

    • What is the primary reason why it is difficult to study CTE using control groups?

  • It is difficult to find control group participants with a history of mTBI but no behavioral changes. (correct)
  • The long-term effects of mTBI are not well-understood.
  • It is difficult to rule out other potential causes of the observed behavioral changes.
  • The ethical implications of studying CTE in living subjects are complex.

    • How can positron emission tomography (PET) potentially aid in the earlier diagnosis of CTE?

    <p>PET can directly visualize tau protein accumulation in the brain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following brain regions is commonly associated with memory loss in individuals with CTE?

    <p>Hippocampus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a neuron?

    <p>To receive input from other neurons and transmit information to other neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are neurotransmitters stored?

    <p>Axon terminal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the axon hillock?

    <p>To initiate an action potential when stimulated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of neurons?

    <p>Sensory and motor neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of myelin?

    <p>To increase the speed and efficiency of neural communication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting potential of a neuron?

    <p>-70mV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of glial cells?

    <p>To provide structural support and maintain the health of the nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical that allows neurons to communicate with each other called?

    <p>Neurotransmitter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antagonists in relation to neurotransmitters?

    <p>Inhibit the activity of a neurotransmitter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic typically regulated by the monoamine described in the content?

    <p>Memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of agonist is Botox, and how does it work?

    <p>Direct antagonist; it blocks acetylcholine receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the nervous system is directly responsible for controlling skeletal muscles and receiving sensory input from the body?

    <p>Somatic Nervous System (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Initiating the 'fight-or-flight' response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions would MOST LIKELY involve the activation of the somatic nervous system?

    <p>Raising your hand in class (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a direct agonist and an indirect agonist?

    <p>Direct agonists bind to the same receptor site as the neurotransmitter, while indirect agonists bind to a different site (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between the brain and the spinal cord?

    <p>The brain and spinal cord work together in a collaborative manner, with the spinal cord acting as a conduit for information between the brain and the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an example of the figure-ground principle?

    <p>A white circle on a black background. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cornea in the human eye?

    <p>To focus incoming light onto the retina. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a Gestalt principle of perception?

    <p>Contrast. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference threshold?

    <p>The smallest detectable difference between two stimuli 50% of the time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind signal detection theory?

    <p>Perception is based on both sensory input and the observer's decision process. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of selective attention?

    <p>Paying attention to a conversation in a crowded room. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term "accommodation" refer to in the context of the human eye?

    <p>The ability of the lens to change shape to focus on objects at different distances. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye is responsible for detecting light and sending signals to the brain?

    <p>Retina. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between wavelength and amplitude of light?

    <p>Wavelength refers to the distance between peaks, while amplitude refers to the height of a wave. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the iris?

    <p>To regulate the amount of light entering the eye. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to the long, tail-like structure that leads from the neuron body to synapses?

    <p>Axon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a hypothesis used in the email psychology test?

    <p>Brain damage hypothesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between TBI and CTE on a cellular level?

    <p>TBI causes immediate stretching of axons, while CTE causes slow, long-term damage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'deflated balloon analogy' used to describe?

    <p>The stretching of axons during a mild traumatic brain injury (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'system level' of analysis in studying brain function focusing on?

    <p>The interaction between different brain regions and their functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method scientists use to map structure to function in the brain?

    <p>Studying the effects of brain damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between intuitive psychology and the scientific study of psychology?

    <p>Intuitive psychology is based on personal experiences, while scientific psychology is based on objective evidence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the 'don't think too much hypothesis' important in the email psychology test?

    <p>It suggests that consciously considering choices can alter results. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the doctrine of specific nerve energies?

    <p>The idea that different senses are processed by the brain in different brain regions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of sensory adaptation?

    <p>Being able to differentiate between different types of music. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the absolute threshold in sensation?

    <p>The minimum amount of energy or quantity of a stimulus required for it to be reliably detected at least 50% of the time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is psychophysics?

    <p>The study of how physical energy such as light and sound relates to psychological experience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following senses DOES NOT utilize nerve endings to transmit information to the brain?

    <p>Sight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the orienting response?

    <p>It is triggered by a sudden change in a sensory stimulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key finding about the sensory experiences of infants?

    <p>Infants experience a significant overlap of sensory information, particularly between hearing and vision. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements best describes the relationship between the different senses and their processing in the brain?

    <p>The brain dedicates separate regions to processing each sense, with some potential overlap. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Neurosurgical lesioning

    Deliberate damage to brain regions for treatment.

    CTE diagnosis

    CTE can only be diagnosed postmortem via autopsy.

    Tau protein

    Protein that accumulates in brains of those with CTE, visible during autopsies.

    Functional neuroimaging

    Technique showing brain region activity while performing tasks.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    PET scan

    Imaging method using radioactive isotopes to detect brain abnormalities.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Psychology

    Scientific study of behavior, thought, and experience, influenced by various factors.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Pop Psychology

    Mainstream psychology that simplifies complex concepts for general understanding.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Implied hypothesis

    The assumption that calculations influence thoughts immediately.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Typicality hypothesis

    Most people associate red with colors and hammer with tools without overthinking.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

    A progressive brain condition caused by repeated head injuries.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Axon

    Long structure from neuron body that connects to other neurons' dendrites.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    White matter

    Bundles of axons in the brain that connect neuronal bodies and dendrites.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Localization of function

    Mapping specific brain areas to particular behaviors or functions.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Nerve Endings

    Specialized receptors that respond to pressure, temperature, and pain.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Taste

    Detection of chemicals on the tongue via taste buds.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Smell

    Detection of chemicals by nerve endings in the nose.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Action Potential

    Neural impulses that transmit sensory information to the brain.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

    The idea that different senses are processed separately in the brain.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Sensory Adaptation

    Decrease in sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Absolute Threshold

    The minimum stimulus intensity required to detect a sensation 50% of the time.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Psychophysics

    Study of the relationship between physical stimuli and sensory perception.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Neurons

    Cells in the nervous system that send and receive messages.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Cell body (soma)

    Part of a neuron containing the nucleus and genetic material.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Dendrites

    Small branches that receive messages from other cells.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Axon hillock

    Base of the cell body where neuron initiates a reaction.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Neurotransmitters

    Chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Glial Cells

    Cells that support and protect neurons in the nervous system.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Myelin

    Fatty sheath insulating axons to increase communication speed.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Monoamine

    A neurotransmitter involved in mood, sleep, aggression, and appetite regulation.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Agonist

    A drug that enhances or mimics neurotransmitter effects.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Direct Agonist

    A substance that directly binds to neurotransmitter receptors.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Indirect Agonist

    Facilitates neurotransmitter effects without directly binding.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Antagonist

    A drug that blocks or inhibits neurotransmitter activity.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    Consists of the brain and spinal cord, housing consciousness and memories.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    Transmits signals between the CNS and the rest of the body, consists of somatic and autonomic systems.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Sympathetic Nervous System

    Part of the autonomic system responsible for the fight-or-flight response.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Difference threshold

    The smallest detectable difference between stimuli, identified 50% of the time.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Signal detection theory

    Theory stating perception relies on sensory experience and judgment.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Gestalt psychology

    An approach emphasizing that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Figure-ground principle

    Objects stand out from their background in perception.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Divided attention

    The ability to pay attention to multiple stimuli at once.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Selective attention

    Focusing on one task while ignoring others.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Intentional blindness

    Not noticing visible events because attention is elsewhere.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Cornea

    The clear layer covering the front of the eye that helps focus light.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Accommodation

    The lens adjusts shape to focus light on the retina.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Study Notes

    Psychology: Week 1 Lecture Notes

    • Psychology is the scientific study of behavior, thought, and experience, and how these are influenced by physical, mental, social, and environmental factors.
    • Pop Psychology:
      • Email Psych Test: Implies hypotheses about the act of calculating and thoughts of red hammers (Typicality hypothesis). People will frequently say red hammer when asked color/tool. Avoid encouraging overthinking in estimations.
      • Norm Hypothesis: Presenting norm information (98% say red/hammer) influences people to consider a different response.
    • Intuitive Psychology: Psychology is often understood as common sense, an intuitive andfolk understanding.
    • Intuitive/folk psychology: Using experience to explain behavior
    • Psychology- common sense: A common interpretation of psychology.

    Psychology: Week 2 Lecture Notes

    • Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE):
      • A chronic, long-term consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), including concussion.
      • Thought to be caused by a traumatic brain injury.
      • Encephalopathy is a fancy word for brain pathology.
      • Cellular level (axon): Axons are long, tail-like structures leading from the neuron body to the synapses.
      • System level (white matter): Bundles of axons that connect areas of the brain.
    • TBI:
      • Short-term: blow to the head causes quick stretching of axons, akin to a deflated balloon.
      • Long-term: affected neurons gradually die, and tau proteins become a byproduct.
    • Systems level: Focuses on the localization of brain functions.

    Psychology: Week 2 Lecture Notes (cont.)

    • Mapping Structure (Brain) to Function (Behavior:
      • Structure → Function: Scientists map structure to function using brain damage, functional neuroimaging, and autopsies.
      • Brain Damage: Accidental (stroke) or deliberate (neurosurgery).
      • Confirmed via: Autopsy or structural neuroimaging.
      • Effect: Specific changes to behavior.
      • Inference: The damaged brain region is the likely cause of the observed behavioural changes.
      • Functional Neuroimaging: Detecting brain activity during tasks.
      • CTE: Impacted regions like the hippocampus are associated with memory loss.

    Psychology: Week 2 Lecture Notes (cont.)

    • Regions of significant neuron death:
      • Unknown until after a patient dies.
    • Clues:
      • Behaviors observed by patients and loved ones (e.g. memory loss, impulsivity, emotional regulation), and inferred links to TBI and/or CTE.
    • Prediction by autopsy:
      • Tau proteins, commonly observed in CTE, are found in brain regions associated with memory and emotions.
    • Good science?
      • Can examining brains of deceased athletes and athletes experiencing mTBI help unravel the causal chain?
    • CTE control groups:
      • Patients with or without a history of mTBI, and matched controls.
    • Earlier diagnosis:
      • Exploring methods like PET to detect CTE before death to better understand the disease progress in the early stages.

    Psychology: Week 2 Lecture Notes (cont.)

    • Persistent Vegetative State (PVS):
      • Disorder of consciousness caused by brain damage.
      • Consciousness range (TBI, minimally conscious state, vegetative state, coma, brain death).
      • Difficulty determining awareness and consciousness levels. Recent studies are trying to find new measures of brain activity.
    • Radioactive isotopes:
      • Used to cluster and localize brain regions in brain scans.
    • Minimally conscious state (MCS): A condition that can be misdiagnosed as PVS.
    • Medical implication: Some patients who have been diagnosed as PVS may display limited consciousness and minimal cognitive/motor functions.

    Psychology: Week 3 Lecture Notes

    • Neural Communication:
      • Neurons: Cells responsible for sending and receiving messages throughout the body. The primary purpose is to receive input from one group of neurons and transmit the information to others.
      • Soma (cell body): Contains the nucleus housing the cell's genetic material.
      • Dendrites: Branch-like extensions that receive messages from other cells.
      • Axon hillock: Base of the cell body, where stimulation initiates a chemical reaction.
      • Axon: Transports information as electrochemical reactions.
    • Neurotransmitters:
      • Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers.
      • Axon terminals: Release neurotransmitters in the synapses.
      • Sensory neurons: Transmit information from senses to the brain.
      • Motor neurons: Relay messages from the brain to muscles.
      • Glial cells: More numerous than neurons, support and maintain the nervous system function.
      • Myelin: Fatty sheath insulating axons; increases speed of communication.

    Psychology: Week 3 Lecture Notes (cont.)

    • Resting potential: Stable state in a neuron when not firing.
    • Action potential: Incoming stimulation that changes the neuron's charge (-70mV to +35mV).
    • Synapses: Space between neurons where communication occurs. Allows impulses to travel across a neuron to a neighbouring neuron.
    • All-or-None Principle: Individual nerve cells fire at the same strength, every time an action potential is triggered.
    • Chemical messengers: Neurotransmitters and Hormones, that allow communication between neurons.
    • Synaptic cleft: Small space between the axon terminal (also known as the terminal button) of a presynaptic neuron and the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron.

    Psychology: Week 3 Lecture Notes (cont.)

    • Agonist & Antagonist
      • Agonists: Increase neurotransmitter effects by mimicking or enhancing actions.
      • Indirect agonists: Facilitate effects without binding to same receptor site.
      • Antagonists: Block neurotransmitter effects by blocking receptors or preventing their synthesis (e.g. Botox).
      • Direct agonists: Directly bind to receptor sites.
      • Indirect antagonists: Interfere with neurotransmitter effects.

    Psychology: Week 4 Lecture Notes

    • Hormones and Endocrine System:
      • Hormones: Chemicals secreted by endocrine glands throughout the body (slower than neurotransmitters).
      • Hypothalamus: Brain structure that regulates basic biological needs and motivational systems, often releasing factors to stimulate the pituitary gland.
      • Pituitary gland: Master endocrine gland. Controls other hormones in the endocrine system.
      • Adrenal glands: Kidney-located glands that release stress hormones (cortisol and epinephrine).
    • Endorphins: Released during events like strenuous exercise and sexual activity; reduce pain and induce pleasure.
    • Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers, typically released by axon terminals.

    Psychology: Week 4 Lecture Notes (cont.)

    • Central Nervous System (CNS):
      • Brain and spinal cord: Control center of the body; responsible for personality, memories, and consciousness.
      • Spinal cord: Connects brain to body; relays messages.
      • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
      • Somatic nervous system: Controls voluntary movements.
      • Autonomic nervous system: Automatic functions
      • Sympathetic nervous system: Fight-or-flight response.
      • Parasympathetic nervous system: Returns body to normal functioning after stress.

    Psychology: Week 4 Lecture Notes (cont.)

    • Brain and its Structures:
      • Hindbrain: Controls basic functions (breathing, heart rate).
      • Midbrain: Sensory relay station, visual and auditory attention.
      • Forebrain: Higher cognitive functions (complex processes, emotion & memories), including the
    • Cerebellum: Balance, coordination, timing of movements; attention & emotion.
    • Midbrain - relays station.
    • Superior/inferior colliculi - orienting visual/auditory attention.
    • Thalamus: Sensory relay station; organizes and transmits sensory information.
    • Hypothalamus: Regulates basic biological needs, hunger, thirst, sex.
    • Basal Ganglia- Group of 3 structures involved in movement, reward processing & facilitating planned movement.
    • Amygdala- Processes emotion and memories, mediates fear responses.
    • Hippocampus: Forms new memories; essential for learning and memory.
    • Cerebral Cortex: Outer layers involved in higher cognition.
    • Frontal Lobe: Planning, language, movement.
    • Parietal Lobe: Sensory info, bodily awareness.
    • Occipital Lobe: Visual processing.
    • Temporal Lobe: Hearing, language, object recognition, memory.

    Psychology: Week 5 Lecture Notes

    • Insights from brain damage:
      • Lesioning: Deliberately damaging a brain area to observe effects on behavior.
      • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): Using electromagnetic pulses to temporarily disrupt brain activity in specific areas.
    • Structural Neuroimaging: Methods that visualize brain structure (e.g. CT, MRI, DTI).
    • Provide images of brain anatomy to reveal areas of damage.
    • Functional Neuroimaging: Methods that visualize brain activity (e.g. fMRI, EEG, MEG).
    • Identify active brain areas during specific tasks or experiences.

    Psychology: Week 5 Lecture Notes (cont.)

    • Methods:
      • Computerized tomography (CT scan): Measures the density of brain tissue.
      • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the brain's anatomy.
      • Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI): Provides information about the connections between different parts of the brain, through white-matter pathways.
      • Electroencephalogram (EEG): Measures electrical activity in the brain.
      • Magnetoencephalography (MEG): Measures magnetic fields produced by the brain's electrical activity.

    Psychology: Week 5 Lecture Notes (cont.)

    • Additional scan:
      • Positron Emission Tomography (PET): Traces radioactive isotopes in the brain to see which areas are especially active, typically used to determine areas of glucose use.

    Psychology: Week 6 Lecture Notes

    • Sensation: The process of detecting external stimuli; Transforming stimuli into neural signals.
    • Transduction: Sensory receptors change physical energy of the outside world to neural impulses.
    • Stimulus thresholds:
      • Absolute threshold: Minimum stimulus to be detected 50% of the time.
      • Difference threshold: Smallest detectable change in a stimulus.
    • Sensory adaptation: Adapting to a consistent stimulus over a prolonged time.

    Psychology: Week 6 Lecture Notes (cont.)

    • Stimulus Threshold:
    • Absolute: Minimum energy/quantity of a stimulus for detection 50% of the time.
    • Difference: Minimum detectable difference between stimuli.
    • Perception: Organizing and interpreting sensory input; organizing, attending and interpreting sensory stimuli to understanding the world.

    Psychology: Week 7 Lecture Notes

    • Gestalt principles of perception:
      • Figure-ground: Distinguishing object (figure) from background.
      • Proximity: Grouping nearby objects.
      • Similarity: Grouping similar objects.
      • Continuity: Perception of continuous lines.
    • Types of Perception:
      • Selective Attention: Focusing on certain elements in a field of many.
      • Divisive Attention: Performing two tasks simultaneously.
      • Intentional blindness: Failure to notice an unexpected/unusual stimulus.

    Psychology: Week 8 Lecture Notes

    • The Human Eye:
      • Sclera: Outer white layer.
      • Cornea: Clear covering; focuses light.
      • Pupil: Opening that controls light entering.
      • Iris: Colored muscle changing pupil size.
      • Lens: Focuses light onto retina (accommodation changes shape to help focus light).
      • Retina: Back of the eye; contains photoreceptors (rods & cones).
      • Rods: Low-light vision.
      • Cones: Color vision.
      • Optic nerve: Transmits visual info to the brain.
      • Blind spot: Lack of photoreceptors where the optic nerve exits the eye.
      • Fovea: Central region within the retina, highest visual acuity.

    Psychology: Week 8 Lecture Notes (cont.)

    • Retina and perception of color:
      • Trichromatic Theory (Young-Helmholtz): Three types of cones sensitive to different wavelengths.
      • Opponent-process theory: Color perception based on opposing pairs (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black).
    • Visual disorders:
      • Color blindness: Inability to perceive certain colors
      • Nearsightedness (myopia): Eyeball is too long; images focused in front of the retina.
      • Farsightedness (hyperopia): Eyeball is too short; images focused behind the retina.
      • Binocular depth cues: Cues involving both eyes.
      • Retinal disparity: Different images in each eye allow the brain to calculate depth.
      • Convergence: Eye muscle movements to focus on objects at different distances are cues for depth.
      • Monocular depth cues: Cues requiring only one eye (e.g., linear perspective, relative size, texture gradient, interposition).

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Psychology Overview PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the neuroscience behind chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and related neuronal functions. This quiz covers diagnostic methods, the role of neurotransmitters, and the structure of neurons. Enhance your understanding of how brain injuries impact behavior and the challenges in studying them.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser