Neuroscience and Cognition Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for coordination and procedural learning?

  • Cerebellum (correct)
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • Limbic system
  • Cerebrum

What is the function of the limbic system?

  • Processing language and problem solving
  • Regulating essential bodily functions
  • Controlling decision making and attention
  • Managing emotions and memory (correct)

What brain structure is involved in higher cognitive functions, such as language and problem-solving?

  • Limbic system
  • Brain stem
  • Cerebellum
  • Cerebrum (correct)

How does fMRI help in medical research?

<p>By measuring changes in blood flow to map brain activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a key term related to learning and neuroscience?

<p>Genotype (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key term directly related to the process of learning and memory?

<p>fMRI (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which learning strategy involves actively recalling information from memory to enhance long-term retention?

<p>Retrieval practice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'encoding' refer to in the context of learning?

<p>The initial processing of sensory input for storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'metacognition'?

<p>The conscious awareness and understanding of one's own thinking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of feedback in the context of learning?

<p>To improve learning strategies based on performance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of 'learning science'?

<p>Investigating how humans acquire and retain information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a proven best practice for effective learning based on research?

<p>Cramming before an exam. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does multitasking affect the brain's cognitive processes?

<p>It can lead to reduced efficiency and errors in both tasks being undertaken. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of 'distributed practice'?

<p>Increased cognitive overload and potential for stress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the hippocampus in the context of learning?

<p>It actively processes and stores new memories for long-term storage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common misconception about learning and neuroscience?

<p>Multisensory learning can enhance understanding and retention. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept emphasizes the differences in how people think, learn, and solve problems?

<p>Cognitive style (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these terms describes the brain's capacity to adapt and change in response to new experiences?

<p>Neuroplasticity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a growth mindset and a fixed mindset?

<p>Growth mindset values effort and learning, fixed mindset sees intelligence as unchangeable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key concept related to the principles of differentiated instruction?

<p>Providing a single, standardized curriculum for all learners. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of development is associated with the development of trust or mistrust in caregivers and the environment?

<p>Trust vs. Mistrust stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core idea behind 'Humanism in education'?

<p>Encouraging a learner's individual development and personal growth, ensuring a sense of belonging and self-esteem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key element associated with the 'Embodied mind perspective'?

<p>The interconnectedness of the body, mind, and environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Whole body listening' refer to?

<p>Engaging the entire body in attentive listening, not just focusing on visual cues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of 'Sensory exploration' in early childhood development?

<p>Engaging the senses to learn and understand the world around them (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these demonstrates the stage of development where children develop increased assertiveness and take the lead in play?

<p>Initiative vs. Guilt Stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these stages describes a child's ability to think more systematically and apply logical reasoning to solve problems?

<p>Concrete Operational Stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which developmental stage do children develop the ability to understand that the quantity of an object remains constant even when its appearance changes?

<p>Concrete Operational Stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the key principle where teachers break down complex concepts into smaller, more manageable steps to guide children's learning?

<p>Scaffolding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stages describes children's growing understanding of their own abilities, leading to a sense of confidence and competence?

<p>Industry vs. Inferiority Stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a learning theory discussed in the text?

<p>Constructivism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of development emphasizes the exploration of personal identity?

<p>Identity versus Role Confusion Stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these teaching methods focuses on the teacher providing clear goals, feedback, and step-by-step instructions?

<p>Teacher-led direct instruction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of strengthening behaviors through positive outcomes or weakening them with negative ones?

<p>Reinforcement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of puberty?

<p>Cognitive development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these learning processes is focused on understanding internal mental processes?

<p>Cognitivism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of 'punishment' in the context of learning?

<p>To decrease the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Bloom's revised taxonomy, which level involves breaking information down into its component parts to analyze relationships and make connections?

<p>Analyzing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of 'information processing theory' within the field of learning?

<p>Understanding the mental processes involved in learning and cognition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the definition provided, what does 'elaboration' refer to in the context of learning?

<p>The addition of details to enhance understanding and memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does discovery learning primarily emphasize?

<p>The importance of exploration and independent resolution of challenges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the more knowledgeable other (MKO) in the context of the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?

<p>To offer support and guidance that promotes learning beyond the learner's current abilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines self-directed learning?

<p>Learning where individuals take control, set goals, and solve problems independently (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which learning technique is focused on moving information to long-term memory through strategies?

<p>Using rehearsal and meaningful encoding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does social constructivism highlight in the learning process?

<p>The role of social interactions and context in shaping individual learning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines long-term memory (LTM)?

<p>The storage of information for a long time, including knowledge and experiences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes consolidation in the learning process?

<p>It is the act of reinforcing new information through practice and connection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of short-term memory (STM)?

<p>Recalling a phone number right after hearing it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key process in the acquisition of learning?

<p>Actively paying attention and engaging with new material. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of long-term memory (LTM)?

<p>Currently active recall of information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

cognition

The process of taking in, processing, remembering, and using information.

neurons

Tiny cells that form a complex communication network in the brain.

neuroscience

The scientific study of the brain and nervous system.

limbic system

A brain structure that manages emotions and memory.

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fMRI

A technique for mapping brain activity by measuring blood flow changes.

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metacognition

Awareness and understanding of one's own learning processes.

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encoding

Initial processing of sensory input into a form usable by the brain.

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retrieval

The process of accessing stored information when needed.

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spacing

Spacing out study sessions to improve retention.

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desirable difficulty

Introducing challenges during learning to boost resilience.

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learning science

The study of how the human brain acquires and processes information.

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executive function

A set of mental skills for planning, focusing attention, and remembering instructions.

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cramming

Intensive studying shortly before an exam, often leading to cognitive overload.

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distributed practice

Spreading out study sessions over time to improve retention and organization.

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hippocampus

Brain region that aids in absorbing and storing information related to memory.

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neuroplasticity

The brain's ability to adapt in response to experience.

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neurodiversity

Celebrates cognitive differences like autism and ADHD.

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growth mindset

Belief in the power of effort and resilience to improve abilities.

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differentiated instruction

Tailors teaching to meet individual student needs and interests.

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social and emotional learning (SEL)

Skills helping students navigate life's complexities.

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Information processing theory

Explains how the brain processes sensory input, working memory, and long-term memory.

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Embodied mind perspective

Describes the link between body, mind, and environment for learning.

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Self actualization

The peak of Maslow's Hierarchy, focusing on personal growth and fulfillment.

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Whole body listening

Active listening that involves the entire body, not just the ears.

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Sensorimotor stage

Stage where infants explore the world through senses and actions, developing object permanence.

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fine motor skills

Control movements in tiny muscles like hands and fingers.

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initiative vs. guilt stage

A stage where children (3-6 yrs) take charge in play and social interactions.

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conservation

Understanding that some physical properties remain constant despite changes in appearance.

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scaffolding

Teaching method where complex concepts are broken into smaller, manageable steps.

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egocentric

A tendency in children to view the world only from their own perspective.

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puberty

A developmental stage between ages 12-17 involving physical changes such as growth spurts and secondary sexual characteristics.

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identity versus role confusion stage

A key developmental stage for adolescents (ages 12-17) focused on exploring and forming personal identity, including beliefs and values.

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formal operational stage

Cognitive development stage in adolescents (ages 12-17) where thinking becomes abstract, systematic, and complex.

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behaviorism

A learning theory focusing on observable actions and responses, often utilizing reinforcement and punishment.

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classical conditioning

A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a significant one, leading to a conditioned response.

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punishment

Decreases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring.

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cognitivism

Focuses on understanding internal mental processes like thinking, memory, and problem-solving.

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Bloom's revised taxonomy

Categorizes educational objectives into six levels of cognitive complexity.

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mental schemas

Cognitive frameworks that help people organize and interpret information.

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cognitive processes

Attention, memory, and problem-solving methods in learning.

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zone of proximal development (ZPD)

The gap between independent learner abilities and potential with help.

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self-directed learning

Independent control of one's learning with goal-setting.

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more knowledgeable other (MKO)

A guide (teacher/peer) who helps within the ZPD.

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discovery learning

Learning through exploration and problem-solving independently.

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acquisition

Learning new information by actively paying attention and engaging with the material.

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consolidation

Organizing and reinforcing new information by connecting it to prior knowledge and practicing it.

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short-term memory (STM)

A mental space that temporarily holds a small amount of information for a short time, usually a few seconds to a minute.

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long-term memory (LTM)

The storage of information for a long time, including knowledge, skills, and experiences.

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Study Notes

Cognition

  • Cognition is the process of taking in, processing, remembering, and using information for learning, thinking, or problem-solving.

Neurons

  • Neurons are tiny cells that work together like a complex communication network.

Innovative Technology

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is an example of innovative technology that significantly advances medical research.
  • fMRI enables scientists to observe brain activity.

Neuroscience

  • Neuroscience is the study of the brain and nervous system.

Neurodevelopment

  • Neurodevelopment plays a crucial role in acquiring new knowledge, honing cognitive skills, and adapting to the challenges of formal education.

Limbic System

  • The limbic system is located deep within the brain and manages emotions and memory.

Cerebellum

  • The cerebellum, located at the back of the head, is responsible for coordination and procedural learning.

Cerebrum

  • The cerebrum is the front part of the brain where higher cognitive functions like language and problem-solving occur.

Prefrontal Cortex

  • The prefrontal cortex is essential for decision-making and attention.

Brain Stem

  • The brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord and plays a crucial role in regulating essential bodily functions such as heart rate, breathing, and sleep-wake cycles.

fMRI

  • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is a technique used to map brain activity by measuring changes in blood flow.

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