Neuropsychology Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the medulla?

  • Processing sensory information
  • Regulating emotional responses
  • Coordinating eye movements
  • Controlling basic vegetative processes (correct)

    • Which structure serves as a relay station for sensory information to the cortex?

  • Basal Ganglia
  • Cerebellum
  • Thalamus (correct)
  • Hypothalamus

    • What role does the pons play in the brain?

  • It links the cerebellum to the rest of the brain (correct)
  • It controls basic vegetative processes
  • It is involved in emotional regulation
  • It regulates body temperature

    • Which brain structure is associated with balance and skilled movement execution?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the basal ganglia?

    <p>Influence movement via the motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves transforming stem cells into specialized neurons and glial cells?

    <p>Cell differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is involved in controlling behaviors related to homeostasis?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of damage to the limbic system?

    <p>Impaired detection of emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Gall primarily focus on regarding brain functions?

    <p>Localization within the cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant finding from Broca's work with patient 'Tan'?

    <p>Damage to the left frontal region impaired language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of aphasia allows a patient to speak normally but convey little meaningful content?

    <p>Fluent aphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In neuropsychology, what is the primary aim of studying anatomo-clinical correlations?

    <p>To explore the relationship between cognitive functions and neurophysiological bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient is known for experiencing a personality change due to brain injury?

    <p>Phineas Gage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cognitive difficulty experienced by individuals with prosopagnosia?

    <p>Inability to recognize faces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impairment did H.M. experience after the removal of his hippocampus?

    <p>Inability to encode new information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily associated with damage leading to associative prosopagnosia?

    <p>Right anterior temporal regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of aphasia does a patient with disconnection between Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area typically experience?

    <p>Conduction aphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does someone with apperceptive prosopagnosia typically process faces?

    <p>Cannot make sense of faces at all</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of Gall's significant contributions to neuroscience?

    <p>Distinguished between grey and white matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population is estimated to have some form of prosopagnosia?

    <p>1 in 50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the difference between perceptual processes and associative processes in prosopagnosia?

    <p>Associative processes involve memory recall of familiar faces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What alternative recognition strategies do individuals with prosopagnosia rely on?

    <p>Feature-by-feature recognition strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most commonly associated with prosopagnosia?

    <p>Object recognition deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the fusiform gyrus play in prosopagnosia?

    <p>It is critical for recognizing faces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a core feature of Broca's aphasia?

    <p>Difficulty in producing coherent speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of speech is commonly associated with Broca's aphasia?

    <p>Effortful and non-fluent speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes aggramatism in Broca's aphasia?

    <p>Omission of function words and inflections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often preserved in patients with Broca's aphasia despite their language difficulties?

    <p>Reading aloud capability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'telegraphic speech' refer to in the context of Broca's aphasia?

    <p>Speech that lacks function words and uses only content words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to aphasia?

    <p>Stroke, degenerative disorders, and brain injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do most patients with Broca's aphasia feel about their language difficulties?

    <p>They are aware and have insight into their difficulties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is NOT true about Broca’s aphasia?

    <p>Speech output is typically fluent and well-structured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common condition experienced by approximately 85% of aphasic patients?

    <p>Trouble in understanding or using syntactic structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of aphasia is characterized by difficulties in understanding sentences with reversible roles?

    <p>Broca's aphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of the syntactic disturbances in aphasic patients?

    <p>Impoverishment of syntactic structures in spontaneous speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of syntactic structures, what do syntactic trees help to establish?

    <p>How meaning can be derived from syntactic structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does lexical semantics play in language?

    <p>It studies the systematic relationship between word meanings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is NOT associated with syntactic processing?

    <p>Cuneus (BA 30)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is agrammatism most commonly associated with in aphasic patients?

    <p>Difficulty producing grammatical vocabulary elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of semantic lexicons?

    <p>To connect words through semantic relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary factor allows MRI scanners to detect changes in magnetic signals from the body?

    <p>Concentrations of hydrogen atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) differ from structural MRI?

    <p>It can measure neural activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the BOLD response primarily a measure of in fMRI?

    <p>Blood flow changes related to neural activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of oxygenated hemoglobin is key for fMRI detection?

    <p>It is diamagnetic and repelled by magnetic fields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of fMRI compared to techniques like EEG?

    <p>Lower temporal resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the haemodynamic response in activated brain areas?

    <p>Oxygenated blood levels increase to supply active neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what plane can fMRI images be obtained?

    <p>Sagittal, coronal, or horizontal transverse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to oxygen levels related to active neurons during fMRI?

    <p>Higher neural activity corresponds to increased oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nervous System

    • The nervous system is composed of two fundamental cell types: neurons and glia.
    • Neurons transmit electrical impulses, communicating with other neurons or muscles.
    • A human brain has 100 to 150 billion neurons.
    • Glia cells support neurons; oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths, microglia remove damaged tissue, and astrocytes regulate substance transfer between blood and brain.

    Nervous Systems

    • Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord.
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): includes skeletal (voluntary muscles) and autonomic (involuntary muscles, such as heart) systems. Sensory (afferent) neurons carry signals to the brain, efferent neurons carry signals away from the brain.

    Gray Matter vs White Matter

    •  Gray matter contains neuronal cell bodies (40% of brain).
    •  White matter contains bundles of axons connecting gray matter areas (60% of brain).

    Organization of the Brain

    • The brain has four main regions: cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem (hindbrain), and diencephalon.
    •  Somatosensory information travels from the body to the somatosensory cortex.
    • Motor commands travel from the motor cortex to innervate muscles.

    Blood Supply

    • Cerebral arteries supply oxygenated blood to the brain.
    • Cerebral veins drain deoxygenated blood.
    • The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful elements.

    Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

    • CSF is a clear, colorless fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord.
    • CSF circulates around the CNS, facilitating nutrient and chemical diffusion.

    Decussation

    • Decussation refers to the crossing of nerve fibers in the brainstem, allowing contralateral control.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts in neuropsychology, focusing on brain structures and their functions. This quiz covers essential topics such as the medulla, pons, basal ganglia, and brain injuries. Prepare to explore how these elements relate to cognition and behavior.

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