Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Neuroscience Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the focuses of neuropsychiatry?

Understanding the structure of the brain only

Using psychometric testing to assess mental health (correct)

Studying only the effects of stress on health

Examining behavior without considering biology

Which technique is highlighted for studying brain function without ethical concerns?

Ethical human trials

Non-invasive neuroimaging techniques (correct)

Psychometric assessments on human subjects

Invasive animal experimentation

What is a significant aspect of cognitive testing in neuropsychiatry?

It is solely focused on emotional well-being.

It disregards individual differences in cognitive profiles.

It can only be used for assessing Alzheimer’s disease.

It helps identify patterns of strengths and weaknesses. (correct)

How is subjective age thought to influence health according to cognitive neuroscience?

Younger subjective age can contribute positively to health. Signup and view all the answers

Which element is emphasized beyond the structural aspect of the brain in cognitive neuroscience?

Chemical processes and their influences Signup and view all the answers

What was the conclusion regarding hippocampal volume in individuals with different attachment styles?

No differences in hippocampal volume between secure and insecure attachment Signup and view all the answers

What does single cell recording studies in macaques suggest about area V5/MT?

Area V5/MT contains motion direction selective cells Signup and view all the answers

What was found regarding the brain's response to moving versus static dots?

The brain responds to moving stimuli significantly faster than static stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What limitation is associated with the interpretation of EEG and fMRI data?

They only show that a region is active during a process, not that it's necessary Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the purpose of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

Uses a magnetic field to induce current in specific brain areas Signup and view all the answers

How does cortical excitability influence mental imagery?

It enhances the strength of voluntarily generated visual imagery Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of a visual area in the brain?

It should be selective to specific visual processes Signup and view all the answers

What question remains regarding human visual processing?

If there is a specific human visual motion area in the brain Signup and view all the answers

What does BOLD contrast primarily measure in neuroimaging?

Blood flow changes correlated with neuronal activity Signup and view all the answers

What was hypothesized about insecure attachment in infancy?

It would be associated with greater amygdala volumes in early adulthood Signup and view all the answers

What method was used to assess infant attachment at 18 months?

Ainsworth's Strange Situation Procedure Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for the regulation of the HPA axis stress response?

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the study mentioned in the content?

The link between early caregiving environment and brain structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary emotional role of the amygdala?

Regulating emotional responses and threat evaluation Signup and view all the answers

What was the age range of participants in the study?

Adults approximately 22 years old Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'sMRI' refer to?

Structural magnetic resonance imaging Signup and view all the answers

What primarily occurs in the primary visual cortex (V1)?

Detection of simple visual features Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes high-level processing?

It includes cognitive functions like memory and recognition. Signup and view all the answers

In visual perception, which area is primarily responsible for processing motion?

Occipital lobe structures like MT Signup and view all the answers

How does low-level processing contribute to visual perception?

By detecting foundational visual elements Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the difference between low-level and high-level processing?

Detecting edges of an image versus understanding the image's context. Signup and view all the answers

Which function does the human MT area primarily serve in visual processing?

Detecting motion and its direction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is a correct characterization of low-level processing?

It provides the foundation for higher visual functions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of visual processing as it progresses from low-level to high-level?

Gathers more complex context and meaning over time. Signup and view all the answers

What does bottom-up processing allow in the perception of the Necker Cube?

It enables detection of lines and shapes. Signup and view all the answers

In the hollow mask illusion, what indicates that top-down influences are at play?

Seeing the mask as a normal face. Signup and view all the answers

How does cognitive processing influence final perception?

It integrates experiences and context. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the ambiguity of the Necker Cube?

Multiple interpretations require high-level processing. Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized in the phrase 'everything boils down to biology' in the context of addiction?

Biological factors play a central role. Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred when one does not perceive the hollow mask as hollow?

Bottom-up processing is ineffective. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes top-down processing?

It relies on higher-level cognitive functions. Signup and view all the answers

What role does context play in cognitive processing of perception?

It helps shape subjective understanding. Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of memory as described?

Memory is composed of multiple systems with different roles. Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is highlighted as particularly important for memory?

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is categorized as 'declarative'?

Episodic memory Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the structure of memory is accurate?

Memories may shift between different classifications over time. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of tests are used to differentiate between types of memory?

Implicit and explicit tests Signup and view all the answers

What evidence supports the understanding of memory in healthy individuals?

Research findings from experimental psychology Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase best captures the relationship between memories and neuroanatomy?

Different memory types are associated with distinct neuroanatomical areas. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of 'place cells' in the hippocampus?

They help in spatial navigation and memory. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes explicit memory from implicit memory?

Explicit memory requires conscious recall; implicit does not. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misunderstanding about memory's function?

Memory is uniformly processed in the same brain region. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Week 2 - 11

Week 2: Pages 2-5
Week 3: Pages 6-11
Week 4: Pages 12-20
Week 5: Pages 21-26
Week 7: Pages 27-34
Week 8: Pages 35-42
Week 9: Pages 43-49
Week 10: Pages 50-55
Week 11: Pages 56-60

Nociception vs Pain (Week 2)

Nociception is a sensory and emotional experience related to potential tissue damage.
Afferent fiber groups include: large, myelinated fibers (Aα, Aβ), and small, myelinated (Aδ) and non-myelinated fibers (C).
Different fibers have varying conduction velocities.
Large, myelinated fibers have faster conduction speeds than small, unmyelinated fibers.

The Biology of Behaviour (Week 3)

Psychology is the study of biological processes underlying behaviors, including emotion and cognition.
Cognitive neuroscience explores the interaction between the brain and behavior, including brain function, neurotransmitters, etc.
The brain is composed of neurons, which form connections (synapses) facilitating communication.
Brain size and tools correlate to cognitive function and adaptation to varied environments.
Infant development includes growth in brain size, not necessarily in neuron numbers, driven by the maturation of synapses and functional network development.
Development of specialized brain regions occur to improve complex processing, for instance, topological organization of brain lobes enables flexible and intricate processing.

The Timeline of Brain Research and Cognitive Psychology (Week 7)

Key figures and milestones in understanding the brain and the emergence of cognitive psychology are noted.
Early scientists (Aristotle, Galen, Gall) provided foundational thinking about the brain.
Techniques like imaging technologies (CT, MRI, PET, TMS) and physiological measurements have increased knowledge of cognitive function and neurological function.

Individual Differences in Pain Experience and Report (Week 4)

Factors impacting pain experience and report include sex, ethnicity/cultural background, and personality characteristics.
Differences extend to situational factors such as environmental factors and internal factors involving pre-attentive mechanisms and cognitive evaluations.
Factors associated with sex influence pain perception.
Culturally acquired experiences/attitudes toward expressing pain influence pain reports.
Personality traits influence individual pain experiences.

Pain as a Psychological State (Week 5)

Pain is a complex psychological experience involving sensory and emotional dimensions.
The IASP (International Association for the Study of Pain) defines pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that is associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
Subjective pain experience necessitates that pain is always dependent on the reporting individual's past experiences.
Pain experiences are influenced by individual differences, including sex, ethnicity, and personality.
Psychological and physiological factors are associated with pain experiences, making pain perception complex and influenced by multiple interacting factors.

The Biology and Psychology of Addiction (Weeks 8, 9)

Psychological approach uses learning mechanisms.
Behavioural responses can change due to experience.
Biological mechanisms impact behaviour.
Everything stems from biology or biological mechanisms.
Some consider the psychological approach to explaining human behaviour to be 'reductive', implying that everything boils down to biology.
Biological bases of addiction stem from reward mechanisms, where drugs and other behaviors activate neural pathways and induce a rapid/strong dopamine response.
Learning mechanisms (like classical and operant conditioning) explain how behaviours are associated with rewards, and why these associations can become resistant to extinction.
Neurological mechanisms underlying addiction are highly complex and subject to individual variation.

Nature and Relevance of Memory (Week 8)

Memory is a multifaceted process comprising encoding, storage, and retrieval stages.
Encoding is influenced by the level of processing, attention, and organization.
Factors influencing retrieval include contextual presence, memory cues, and cognitive processes.
Autobiographical memory is the recollection of personal experiences.
Memory is related to several aspects of our identities such as social relationships or self-understanding.
Memory errors like the 'reminiscence bump' or 'lost years' during the COVID pandemic emphasize how memory functions.

Cognitive Neuroscience Models of Memory (Week 9)

The brain is a system of complex interacting structures impacting memory, showing a non-unitary system.
Distinct brain regions, like the hippocampus, are critical for specific types of memory e.g. episodic memories .

The Role of the Brain in Decision Making (Week 11)

Decision making involves cognitive processes that lead to selecting one decision from various alternative courses of action.
Processes are underpinned by cognitive structures such as individual differences, errors, stress, and biases.
Psychological models such as Kahneman's System 1 and System 2 theory highlight how intuition (System 1) and deliberate thinking (System 2) may conflict in decision making.
Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that bias decision making due to limitations of cognitive processing capacity.
Stress and uncertainty in decision-making settings trigger a greater reliance on intuitive processes.
Understanding that individuals are prone to irrational bias in making decisions under high uncertainty or stress.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts and techniques in neuropsychiatry and cognitive neuroscience. Explore important topics such as brain function, cognitive testing, and the implications of subjective age on health. This quiz will challenge your understanding of how neurobiology intersects with psychology.