Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Neuroscience Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the focuses of neuropsychiatry?

  • Understanding the structure of the brain only
  • Using psychometric testing to assess mental health (correct)
  • Studying only the effects of stress on health
  • Examining behavior without considering biology

Which technique is highlighted for studying brain function without ethical concerns?

  • Ethical human trials
  • Non-invasive neuroimaging techniques (correct)
  • Psychometric assessments on human subjects
  • Invasive animal experimentation

What is a significant aspect of cognitive testing in neuropsychiatry?

  • It is solely focused on emotional well-being.
  • It disregards individual differences in cognitive profiles.
  • It can only be used for assessing Alzheimer’s disease.
  • It helps identify patterns of strengths and weaknesses. (correct)

How is subjective age thought to influence health according to cognitive neuroscience?

<p>Younger subjective age can contribute positively to health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is emphasized beyond the structural aspect of the brain in cognitive neuroscience?

<p>Chemical processes and their influences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the conclusion regarding hippocampal volume in individuals with different attachment styles?

<p>No differences in hippocampal volume between secure and insecure attachment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does single cell recording studies in macaques suggest about area V5/MT?

<p>Area V5/MT contains motion direction selective cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was found regarding the brain's response to moving versus static dots?

<p>The brain responds to moving stimuli significantly faster than static stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation is associated with the interpretation of EEG and fMRI data?

<p>They only show that a region is active during a process, not that it's necessary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the purpose of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

<p>Uses a magnetic field to induce current in specific brain areas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cortical excitability influence mental imagery?

<p>It enhances the strength of voluntarily generated visual imagery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of a visual area in the brain?

<p>It should be selective to specific visual processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What question remains regarding human visual processing?

<p>If there is a specific human visual motion area in the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does BOLD contrast primarily measure in neuroimaging?

<p>Blood flow changes correlated with neuronal activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was hypothesized about insecure attachment in infancy?

<p>It would be associated with greater amygdala volumes in early adulthood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method was used to assess infant attachment at 18 months?

<p>Ainsworth's Strange Situation Procedure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for the regulation of the HPA axis stress response?

<p>Hippocampus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the study mentioned in the content?

<p>The link between early caregiving environment and brain structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary emotional role of the amygdala?

<p>Regulating emotional responses and threat evaluation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the age range of participants in the study?

<p>Adults approximately 22 years old (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'sMRI' refer to?

<p>Structural magnetic resonance imaging (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily occurs in the primary visual cortex (V1)?

<p>Detection of simple visual features (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes high-level processing?

<p>It includes cognitive functions like memory and recognition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In visual perception, which area is primarily responsible for processing motion?

<p>Occipital lobe structures like MT (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does low-level processing contribute to visual perception?

<p>By detecting foundational visual elements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the difference between low-level and high-level processing?

<p>Detecting edges of an image versus understanding the image's context. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function does the human MT area primarily serve in visual processing?

<p>Detecting motion and its direction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is a correct characterization of low-level processing?

<p>It provides the foundation for higher visual functions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of visual processing as it progresses from low-level to high-level?

<p>Gathers more complex context and meaning over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does bottom-up processing allow in the perception of the Necker Cube?

<p>It enables detection of lines and shapes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the hollow mask illusion, what indicates that top-down influences are at play?

<p>Seeing the mask as a normal face. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cognitive processing influence final perception?

<p>It integrates experiences and context. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the ambiguity of the Necker Cube?

<p>Multiple interpretations require high-level processing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized in the phrase 'everything boils down to biology' in the context of addiction?

<p>Biological factors play a central role. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred when one does not perceive the hollow mask as hollow?

<p>Bottom-up processing is ineffective. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes top-down processing?

<p>It relies on higher-level cognitive functions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does context play in cognitive processing of perception?

<p>It helps shape subjective understanding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of memory as described?

<p>Memory is composed of multiple systems with different roles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is highlighted as particularly important for memory?

<p>Hippocampus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is categorized as 'declarative'?

<p>Episodic memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the structure of memory is accurate?

<p>Memories may shift between different classifications over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of tests are used to differentiate between types of memory?

<p>Implicit and explicit tests (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidence supports the understanding of memory in healthy individuals?

<p>Research findings from experimental psychology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase best captures the relationship between memories and neuroanatomy?

<p>Different memory types are associated with distinct neuroanatomical areas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of 'place cells' in the hippocampus?

<p>They help in spatial navigation and memory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes explicit memory from implicit memory?

<p>Explicit memory requires conscious recall; implicit does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misunderstanding about memory's function?

<p>Memory is uniformly processed in the same brain region. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cognitive Profiling

A technique used in neuropsychiatry to identify cognitive strengths and weaknesses, helping understand individual differences and potential diagnoses.

Psychology = Brain Science

Studying brain structure and activity to understand behavior and mental processes.

Neuropsychiatry

The study of how brain structure and function relate to mental disorders and their treatment.

Brain imaging

Non-invasive brain imaging techniques that allow us to study the brain in a safe and ethical way, revolutionized our understanding.

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Beyond Brain Structure

The idea that there's more to brain function than just its physical structure. Chemistry and connections play a vital role.

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BOLD Contrast

The difference in oxygen levels between blood carrying oxygen and blood without oxygen. This difference is used as an indirect measure of neuronal activity.

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fMRI

An imaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow.

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EEG

A neuroimaging technique that measures electrical activity in the brain.

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sMRI

A type of brain imaging that measures the structure of the brain.

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Amygdala

The brain region involved in processing emotions, particularly fear and threat.

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Hippocampus

The brain region involved in memory formation, learning, and regulation of stress.

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Insecure Attachment

A pattern of early childhood attachment characterized by anxiety or avoidance towards caregivers.

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Attachment Score

A measure of the quality of early childhood attachment, using the Ainsworth's Strange Situation Procedure.

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Structural MRI (sMRI)

Analyzing brain structure using magnetic fields to create detailed images of brain tissue.

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Functional MRI (fMRI)

Measuring brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow, indicating which areas are more active.

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Visual Motion Area (V5/MT)

A brain region specialized for processing visual motion, identified in primates and potentially in humans.

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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A technique that uses magnetic pulses to stimulate or inhibit specific brain regions, allowing researchers to study their causal role in behavior.

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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

A technique that uses weak electric currents to modulate brain activity in specific regions, influencing cognitive processes.

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Brain Response to Motion

The ability of the brain to respond to visual information more quickly when it depicts motion compared to stationary objects.

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Electroencephalography (EEG)

A technique that records electrical activity in the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp, providing insights into brain function and cognitive processes.

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A non-invasive neuroimaging technique that measures the brain's metabolic activity by detecting changes in blood flow.

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Low-Level Processing

Initial steps in visual perception where basic features like edges, colors, and motion are detected. It happens primarily in the primary visual cortex (V1).

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High-Level Processing

More complex visual processing that involves understanding shapes, objects, recognizing faces, and interpreting meaning. Occurs in higher visual areas and connects to cognitive areas like memory and attention.

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What does MT stand for?

The brain area responsible for processing visual motion. It's considered a higher-level area compared to V1, as it handles more complex information.

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Higher-Level Visual Processing

The more complex processing of information in the brain, like interpreting what's happening in a scene or understanding the meaning of a picture.

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Lower-Level Visual Processing

The basic level of visual processing that detects simple features like edges and colors. The foundation for higher-level processing.

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Hierarchical Visual Processing

Visual processing occurs in stages, like a hierarchy, with lower-level processing building up to higher-level processing.

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Visual Motion Processing

The ability to see motion, as it's understood by the brain, is processed in higher visual areas, like MT, and not in the basic visual cortex (V1).

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Mental Representations

Mental representations that we create, which can sometimes feel powerful and overwhelming, like our own internal worlds.

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Implicit memory

A type of memory that is influenced by unconscious processes and does not require deliberate recall, such as riding a bike or playing a musical instrument.

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Explicit memory

A type of memory that can be consciously recalled and explicitly described, such as remembering a fact or an event.

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Place Cells

A type of brain cell found in the hippocampus that is activated when an animal is in a specific location, helping with spatial navigation.

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Non-unitary Nature of Memory

The idea that different parts of the brain are specialized for different types of memory and cognitive functions.

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Declarative memory

A category of memory that includes memories that can be consciously recalled and described, such as facts, events, and personal experiences.

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Non-declarative Memory

A category of memory that includes memories that are not consciously recalled but still influence our behavior, such as skills, habits, and emotional responses.

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Memory Consolidation

The process of transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory, often involving repetition and elaborate encoding.

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Implicit Memory

A type of memory that is influenced by unconscious processes, such as priming and classical conditioning.

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Top-Down Processing

Our perception of the world is influenced by our past experiences, context, and expectations, leading to a subjective interpretation of what we see.

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Bottom-Up Processing

Perceptions arise directly from the sensory information received, without relying on prior knowledge or expectations.

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Ambiguous Figures (Necker Cube)

The Necker Cube is a classic example where the brain can interpret the same visual information in multiple ways. This ambiguity demonstrates how higher-level cognitive processes influence our perception.

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Integration of visual information

The brain uses information from both low-level visual features (like edges and shapes) and high-level cognitive processes (like expectations and context) to create a unified perception.

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Hollow Mask Illusion

The hollow mask illusion highlights how top-down influences can override bottom-up information. We tend to perceive a face as convex, even when it's concave, due to our prior knowledge and expectations of how faces should look.

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Addiction

The act of becoming addicted to a substance or behavior involves a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors. This complex interplay is what determines a person's vulnerability to addiction.

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Learning and Addiction

Learning plays a crucial role in addiction. Repeated exposure to a substance or behavior can lead to changes in the brain's reward system, making the person more likely to seek out the pleasurable experiences associated with the addiction.

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Classical Conditioning in Addiction

Classical conditioning can contribute to addiction. For example, certain cues or environments can become associated with the drug, triggering cravings and relapse.

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Study Notes

Week 2 - 11

  • Week 2: Pages 2-5
  • Week 3: Pages 6-11
  • Week 4: Pages 12-20
  • Week 5: Pages 21-26
  • Week 7: Pages 27-34
  • Week 8: Pages 35-42
  • Week 9: Pages 43-49
  • Week 10: Pages 50-55
  • Week 11: Pages 56-60

Nociception vs Pain (Week 2)

  • Nociception is a sensory and emotional experience related to potential tissue damage.
  • Afferent fiber groups include: large, myelinated fibers (Aα, Aβ), and small, myelinated (Aδ) and non-myelinated fibers (C).
  • Different fibers have varying conduction velocities.
  • Large, myelinated fibers have faster conduction speeds than small, unmyelinated fibers.

The Biology of Behaviour (Week 3)

  • Psychology is the study of biological processes underlying behaviors, including emotion and cognition.
  • Cognitive neuroscience explores the interaction between the brain and behavior, including brain function, neurotransmitters, etc.
  • The brain is composed of neurons, which form connections (synapses) facilitating communication.
  • Brain size and tools correlate to cognitive function and adaptation to varied environments.
  • Infant development includes growth in brain size, not necessarily in neuron numbers, driven by the maturation of synapses and functional network development.
  • Development of specialized brain regions occur to improve complex processing, for instance, topological organization of brain lobes enables flexible and intricate processing.

The Timeline of Brain Research and Cognitive Psychology (Week 7)

  • Key figures and milestones in understanding the brain and the emergence of cognitive psychology are noted.
  • Early scientists (Aristotle, Galen, Gall) provided foundational thinking about the brain.
  • Techniques like imaging technologies (CT, MRI, PET, TMS) and physiological measurements have increased knowledge of cognitive function and neurological function.

Individual Differences in Pain Experience and Report (Week 4)

  • Factors impacting pain experience and report include sex, ethnicity/cultural background, and personality characteristics.
  • Differences extend to situational factors such as environmental factors and internal factors involving pre-attentive mechanisms and cognitive evaluations.
  • Factors associated with sex influence pain perception.
  • Culturally acquired experiences/attitudes toward expressing pain influence pain reports.
  • Personality traits influence individual pain experiences.

Pain as a Psychological State (Week 5)

  • Pain is a complex psychological experience involving sensory and emotional dimensions.
  • The IASP (International Association for the Study of Pain) defines pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that is associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
  • Subjective pain experience necessitates that pain is always dependent on the reporting individual's past experiences.
  • Pain experiences are influenced by individual differences, including sex, ethnicity, and personality.
  • Psychological and physiological factors are associated with pain experiences, making pain perception complex and influenced by multiple interacting factors.

The Biology and Psychology of Addiction (Weeks 8, 9)

  • Psychological approach uses learning mechanisms.
  • Behavioural responses can change due to experience.
  • Biological mechanisms impact behaviour.
  • Everything stems from biology or biological mechanisms.
  • Some consider the psychological approach to explaining human behaviour to be 'reductive', implying that everything boils down to biology.
  • Biological bases of addiction stem from reward mechanisms, where drugs and other behaviors activate neural pathways and induce a rapid/strong dopamine response.
  • Learning mechanisms (like classical and operant conditioning) explain how behaviours are associated with rewards, and why these associations can become resistant to extinction.
  • Neurological mechanisms underlying addiction are highly complex and subject to individual variation.

Nature and Relevance of Memory (Week 8)

  • Memory is a multifaceted process comprising encoding, storage, and retrieval stages.
  • Encoding is influenced by the level of processing, attention, and organization.
  • Factors influencing retrieval include contextual presence, memory cues, and cognitive processes.
  • Autobiographical memory is the recollection of personal experiences.
  • Memory is related to several aspects of our identities such as social relationships or self-understanding.
  • Memory errors like the 'reminiscence bump' or 'lost years' during the COVID pandemic emphasize how memory functions.

Cognitive Neuroscience Models of Memory (Week 9)

  • The brain is a system of complex interacting structures impacting memory, showing a non-unitary system.
  • Distinct brain regions, like the hippocampus, are critical for specific types of memory e.g. episodic memories .

The Role of the Brain in Decision Making (Week 11)

  • Decision making involves cognitive processes that lead to selecting one decision from various alternative courses of action.
  • Processes are underpinned by cognitive structures such as individual differences, errors, stress, and biases.
  • Psychological models such as Kahneman's System 1 and System 2 theory highlight how intuition (System 1) and deliberate thinking (System 2) may conflict in decision making.
  • Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that bias decision making due to limitations of cognitive processing capacity.
  • Stress and uncertainty in decision-making settings trigger a greater reliance on intuitive processes.
  • Understanding that individuals are prone to irrational bias in making decisions under high uncertainty or stress.

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Brain, Mind, and Behaviour Notes - Week 2-11 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts and techniques in neuropsychiatry and cognitive neuroscience. Explore important topics such as brain function, cognitive testing, and the implications of subjective age on health. This quiz will challenge your understanding of how neurobiology intersects with psychology.

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