Neuroplasticity: Structural vs Functional
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Questions and Answers

Which neurotransmitter is implicated in starting and stopping critical periods in brain development?

  • GABA (correct)
  • Serotonin
  • Dopamine
  • Glutamate
  • What mechanism is hypothesized to underlie neurological disorders such as ASD and schizophrenia?

  • Neurotransmitter imbalance (correct)
  • Disrupted adult neurogenesis
  • Altered brain lateralization
  • Enhanced synaptic plasticity
  • Which factor is suggested to retain some level of plasticity in adult brains for targeted interventions?

  • Reopening plasticity experiments (correct)
  • High sugar diet
  • Environmental toxins
  • Lack of sensory experiences
  • Which intervention is being explored for neuroplasticity-based interventions?

    <p>Stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental factor is mentioned to influence neuroplasticity?

    <p>PE video game training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imbalance is linked to many pathological conditions, perturbing the balance of excitation relative to inhibition?

    <p>Excitation/inhibition imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), what contribution does an imbalance in GABAergic inhibition make to the development of symptoms?

    <p>Delayed critical period closure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention shows promise for treating ASD by increasing or decreasing neuronal activity?

    <p>Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested to disrupt the precision of sensory information processing, leading to long-term effects?

    <p>Extreme early experiences like malnutrition and emotional stressors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact can child maltreatment have on childhood development?

    <p>Impaired emotion regulation and amygdala reactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What affects emotional processing, with the left associated with verbal processing and the right associated with visual processing?

    <p>Brain lateralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What decreases over time, necessitating more effort to induce neuroplastic changes?

    <p>The ability to change the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of neuroplasticity?

    <p>Anatomical and functional reorganization of neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does experience influence neuroplasticity?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of critical periods in neuroplasticity?

    <p>They establish vital neural connections and pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do critical periods typically occur?

    <p>During infancy and teenage years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the consequences of critical periods occurring at inappropriate times?

    <p>Dire consequences for cognitive, emotional, and social development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuroplasticity refers to changes in neuronal morphology?

    <p>Structural neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of neuronal connectivity does structural neuroplasticity primarily address?

    <p>Neuronal morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what level does functional neuroplasticity primarily operate?

    <p>Molecular level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences the critical periods of development through neuroplasticity?

    <p>Environmental input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does experience control genes related to neuroplasticity?

    <p>Via Epigenetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of promoting the stabilization of used synapses?

    <p>Establishment of efficient neural pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors have a significant impact on the magnitude of synaptic transmission?

    <p>Both synaptic activity and neuronal firing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Critical periods for vision, hearing, language, and social interaction have been identified, each associated with specific developmental stages: before birth, infancy, childhood, and later childhood.
    • Brain cells' connections are formed based on sensory cues and experiences during critical periods, with inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA playing a role in starting and stopping these periods.
    • An imbalance in the excitatory-inhibitory balance is hypothesized to be the underlying mechanism of neurological disorders, including ASD and schizophrenia.
    • Reopening plasticity experiments suggest that adult brains retain some level of plasticity for targeted interventions.
    • Various drugs and cell therapies, such as stem cells, HDAC inhibitors, antidepressants, and acetylcholine enhancing drugs, are being explored for neuroplasticity-based interventions.
    • Environmental factors, such as PE video game training and meditation, can also influence neuroplasticity.
    • The excitatory-inhibitory balance occurs at various levels, including single neurons, large-scale cortical circuits, and globally.
    • Excitation/inhibition imbalance is linked to many pathological conditions, where the balance is perturbed, leading to excessive or diminished excitation relative to inhibition.
    • In Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), early brain overgrowth and an imbalance in GABAergic inhibition contribute to the development of symptoms, including reduced neural noise suppression and delayed critical period closure.
    • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) shows promise for treating ASD, with high-frequency rTMS increasing neuronal activity and low-frequency rTMS decreasing neuronal excitability.
    • Extreme early experiences, including malnutrition, emotional stressors, and immune challenges, can disrupt the precision of sensory information processing, leading to long-term effects.
    • Early adversity, such as child maltreatment, can impact childhood development, particularly in the areas of emotion regulation and amygdala reactivity.
    • Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and targeted cognitive training can help reshape synapses and improve emotional processing in patients with anxiety disorders.
    • Brain lateralization affects emotional processing, with the left amygdala more associated with verbal and sustained emotional processing, while the right amygdala is more associated with visual and dynamic emotional analysis.
    • The ability to change the brain decreases over time, requiring more effort to induce neuroplastic changes.
    • Adult neurogenesis occurs in specific areas, including the subgranular zone (SGZ) in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles.

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    Test your knowledge on the concepts of neuroplasticity, focusing on the differences between structural and functional neuroplasticity, and how neurons reorganize and alter their connectivity in response to environmental input.

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