Neurons and Neural Communication

Neurons and Neural Communication

• Neurons are specialized cells that carry information throughout the body.
• Key parts of a neuron include dendrites, cell body, axon, and axon terminals.
• Myelin sheath insulates axons, improving signal transmission speed and efficiency.
• Information is transmitted via action potentials, which involve the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron's membrane.
• Communication between neurons occurs at synapses through the release of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine.

Types of Neurons

• Sensory neurons carry information from sensory receptors to the brain, enabling perception and awareness.
• Motor neurons transmit signals from the brain to muscles, initiating and controlling movement.
• Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons within the central nervous system (CNS), facilitating complex reflexes and neural circuits.

Protection of the CNS

• The skull and vertebrae provide bony protection to the brain and spinal cord, safeguarding them from physical trauma.
• The meninges consist of three layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater, which further protect the CNS.
• Cerebrospinal fluid circulates around the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning and nutrient transport.
• The blood-brain barrier prevents harmful substances from entering the CNS, maintaining a stable environment for neural function.

Cranial Nerves

• This section lists six important cranial nerves.