Neuroscience Quiz

Mechanics of the Nervous System

• The lecture covers the structure and function of the nervous system, including the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

• The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes nerves and ganglia.

• The spinal cord mediates information transmission between the brain and body below the neck and has three main functions: coordinating certain reflexes, acting as a conduit for sensory and motor information, and protecting by vertebrae.

• The PNS connects the CNS to limbs and organs via cranial and spinal nerves, and conveys information from the environment to the CNS through afferent neurons and messages from the CNS to muscles and glands through efferent neurons.

• The PNS includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves, each associated with a particular segment of the spinal cord.

• The PNS is further divided into the somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and enteric nervous system.

• The somatic nervous system controls voluntary body movement and receives sensory information, while the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions and the internal environment.

• The autonomic nervous system has three sub-divisions: the sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, and enteric nervous system.

• Neurons transmit information to other neurons, muscle, or gland cells and have three types: sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.

• Neuronal membranes are made of two layers of lipid molecules and are impermeable to ions, which move through ion channels and pumps that maintain gradients of ions.

• Resting membrane potential is the difference in charge across the membrane at rest and is determined by the unequal distribution of positive and negative ions on the inside and outside of the membrane.

• Action potential is an all-or-nothing event that occurs when a stimulus causes depolarization and reaches threshold, leading to the opening of voltage-gated channels and the propagation of the signal along the neuron through the movement of ions.Neuroscience Lecture Outline and Schedule

• The lecture focuses on the importance of the refractory period in neural communication.

• The refractory period prevents action potentials from traveling backward and sets an upper limit on their frequency.

• The lecture will start with a recap of the previous week's material.

• The objectives of the lecture will be discussed.

• The structure of the nervous system will be explained.

• The resting neuron and its characteristics will be explored.

• The process of action potential generation will be covered.

• Workshop on when electrical transmission goes wrong will be conducted.

• Next week's lecture will be delivered by Dr. Isobelle Kennedy.

• Dr. Kennedy's lecture will cover supporting structures and cells of the brain.

• Chapter 5, pages 55-61, is the recommended reading in preparation for Dr. Kennedy's lecture.

• The lecture will conclude with a Q&A session.

Mechanics of the Nervous System

• The lecture covers the structure and function of the nervous system, including the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

• The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes nerves and ganglia.

• The spinal cord mediates information transmission between the brain and body below the neck and has three main functions: coordinating certain reflexes, acting as a conduit for sensory and motor information, and protecting by vertebrae.

• The PNS connects the CNS to limbs and organs via cranial and spinal nerves, and conveys information from the environment to the CNS through afferent neurons and messages from the CNS to muscles and glands through efferent neurons.

• The PNS includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves, each associated with a particular segment of the spinal cord.

• The PNS is further divided into the somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and enteric nervous system.

• The somatic nervous system controls voluntary body movement and receives sensory information, while the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions and the internal environment.

• The autonomic nervous system has three sub-divisions: the sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, and enteric nervous system.

• Neurons transmit information to other neurons, muscle, or gland cells and have three types: sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.

• Neuronal membranes are made of two layers of lipid molecules and are impermeable to ions, which move through ion channels and pumps that maintain gradients of ions.

• Resting membrane potential is the difference in charge across the membrane at rest and is determined by the unequal distribution of positive and negative ions on the inside and outside of the membrane.

• Action potential is an all-or-nothing event that occurs when a stimulus causes depolarization and reaches threshold, leading to the opening of voltage-gated channels and the propagation of the signal along the neuron through the movement of ions.Neuroscience Lecture Outline and Schedule

• The lecture focuses on the importance of the refractory period in neural communication.

• The refractory period prevents action potentials from traveling backward and sets an upper limit on their frequency.

• The lecture will start with a recap of the previous week's material.

• The objectives of the lecture will be discussed.

• The structure of the nervous system will be explained.

• The resting neuron and its characteristics will be explored.

• The process of action potential generation will be covered.

• Workshop on when electrical transmission goes wrong will be conducted.

• Next week's lecture will be delivered by Dr. Isobelle Kennedy.

• Dr. Kennedy's lecture will cover supporting structures and cells of the brain.

• Chapter 5, pages 55-61, is the recommended reading in preparation for Dr. Kennedy's lecture.

• The lecture will conclude with a Q&A session.

Mechanics of the Nervous System

• The nervous system is a network of neurons in the brain, spinal cord, and periphery.

• The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves and ganglia.

• The cerebrum and spinal cord are two major components of the CNS that mediate information transmission between the brain and body below the neck.

• The PNS connects the CNS to limbs and organs via cranial and spinal nerves, conveys sensory information to the CNS, and conveys messages from the CNS to muscles and glands.

• The PNS is divided into the somatic nervous system (SNS), autonomic nervous system (ANS), and enteric nervous system (ENS).

• The SNS controls voluntary movements and receives sensory information from skin, joints, and muscles.

• The ANS controls involuntary functions and has three sub-divisions: the sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, and ENS.

• The ENS is also known as the "second brain" and controls digestion.

• Neurons transmit information to other neurons, muscle or gland cells, and 80% of neurons are in the brain.

• The neuronal membrane is made of two layers of lipid molecules, and ions move because of concentration gradients and electrical forces.

• At rest, neurons are negatively charged compared to extracellular fluid, and the resting membrane potential is -70 mV.

• An action potential occurs when a stimulus causes depolarization, voltage-gated channels open, Na+ ions rush in, K+ ions rush out, and the signal travels away from the cell body towards axon terminals.Neuroscience Lecture Outline

• The lecture will cover the structure and function of the nervous system.

• The refractory period is important because it prevents the action potential from travelling backwards and determines the upper limit on AP frequency.

• The workshop will focus on what happens when electrical transmission goes wrong.

• Next week's lecture will be given by Dr. Isobelle Kennedy, and will cover the structures and cells that support the brain.

• The reading in preparation for next week's lecture is Chapter 5, pages 55-61.

• Last week's lecture will be briefly recapped.

• The objectives of the lecture are to understand the resting neuron and the action potential.

• The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

• The resting neuron has a negatively charged interior and positively charged exterior.

• The action potential is a rapid change in electrical potential that travels down the axon of a neuron.

• The action potential is triggered by depolarization, which occurs when the neuron's membrane potential becomes less negative.

• The action potential is propagated down the axon by the opening and closing of ion channels.