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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?
What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?
- Receiving information from other neurons (correct)
- Storing genetic information
- Releasing neurotransmitters into the synapse
- Transmitting electrical information to other neurons
What is the role of kinesin in axoplasmic transport?
What is the role of kinesin in axoplasmic transport?
- Connecting two dendrites of adjacent neurons
- Moving proteins and other matter along microtubule tracks (correct)
- Transporting information from terminal buttons to the soma
- Facilitating the release of neurotransmitters
Which component of the neuron acts as the cell body, housing its core functions?
Which component of the neuron acts as the cell body, housing its core functions?
- Dendrite
- Axon
- Soma (correct)
- Terminal Button
What does the phospholipid bilayer of a neuron primarily do?
What does the phospholipid bilayer of a neuron primarily do?
Which type of transport does dynein conduct in neuronal axoplasmic transport?
Which type of transport does dynein conduct in neuronal axoplasmic transport?
What is the threshold voltage that must be reached to trigger depolarization and the action potential?
What is the threshold voltage that must be reached to trigger depolarization and the action potential?
Which type of ion channel is involved in repolarizing the neuron after an action potential?
Which type of ion channel is involved in repolarizing the neuron after an action potential?
What is the function of the Nodes of Ranvier in the conduction of action potentials?
What is the function of the Nodes of Ranvier in the conduction of action potentials?
What is the term used to describe the conduction of action potentials in myelinated neurons?
What is the term used to describe the conduction of action potentials in myelinated neurons?
What is the primary characteristic of unmyelinated neurons in terms of action potential propagation?
What is the primary characteristic of unmyelinated neurons in terms of action potential propagation?
What defines a cannabis plant as hemp?
What defines a cannabis plant as hemp?
Which primary species of cannabis is known for having low levels of THC?
Which primary species of cannabis is known for having low levels of THC?
What is the psychoactive compound primarily found in marijuana?
What is the psychoactive compound primarily found in marijuana?
During what era is it believed that cannabis was first used in Central and South Asia?
During what era is it believed that cannabis was first used in Central and South Asia?
Who among the Founding Fathers is noted for having grown hemp on his plantation?
Who among the Founding Fathers is noted for having grown hemp on his plantation?
What was the main ingredient of opium that has a connection to the Greek god of dreams?
What was the main ingredient of opium that has a connection to the Greek god of dreams?
Which product was created by Angelo Mariani that included cocaine?
Which product was created by Angelo Mariani that included cocaine?
What was the result of the Klan's opposition to alcohol for John Pemberton?
What was the result of the Klan's opposition to alcohol for John Pemberton?
How was cocaine utilized by indigenous people in South America?
How was cocaine utilized by indigenous people in South America?
In what century did cocaine's addictive qualities become widely recognized?
In what century did cocaine's addictive qualities become widely recognized?
What factor reduced the potency of coca leaves when shipped to Europe?
What factor reduced the potency of coca leaves when shipped to Europe?
Who was responsible for developing a method for refining cocaine's active ingredients?
Who was responsible for developing a method for refining cocaine's active ingredients?
What year was cocaine removed from both 'Vin Mariani' and Coca-Cola?
What year was cocaine removed from both 'Vin Mariani' and Coca-Cola?
What factor has influenced the push for the re-scheduling of certain drugs in recent decades?
What factor has influenced the push for the re-scheduling of certain drugs in recent decades?
Which of the following statements about ancient drug use is true?
Which of the following statements about ancient drug use is true?
What is the current federal initiative being pushed as of May 16, 2024?
What is the current federal initiative being pushed as of May 16, 2024?
Why have some drugs discovered in ancient times continued to be used today?
Why have some drugs discovered in ancient times continued to be used today?
What impact do societal mores have on drug use?
What impact do societal mores have on drug use?
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Study Notes
Neuron Structure and Function
- Neuron: The basic unit of the nervous system, responsible for processing and transmitting information
- Dendrites: Receive information from other neurons
- Soma: Cell body, responsible for energy production and maintaining neuron function
- Axon: Carries electrical information from the soma to the terminal buttons
- Terminal Buttons: Release neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons
Axoplasmic Transport
- Microtubules: Proteins that act as tracks for axoplasmic transport
- Anterograde transport: Moves proteins and other materials from the soma to the terminal buttons
- Kinesin: Protein that attaches to the transported item and moves it along microtubules
- Retrograde transport: Moves material from the terminal buttons to the soma
- Dynein: Protein that attaches to the transported item and moves it along microtubules
Neuron Membrane and Action Potentials
-
Phospholipid bilayer: The membrane surrounding neurons, separating the inside from the outside
- Contains proteins such as receptors and ion channels
-
Action Potential: A rapid electrical signal that travels down the axon
- Threshold: -55 mV, the electrical potential needed to trigger an action potential
- Depolarization: The positive charge inside the neuron increases, caused by the opening of voltage-dependent sodium channels
- Repolarization: The neuron's resting potential is restored by the opening of voltage-dependent potassium channels
Myelin Sheath and Saltatory Conduction
- Myelin sheath: A fatty substance that coats axons, insulating them and speeding up the conduction of action potentials
- Produced by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps in the myelin sheath where ion exchange can occur
- Saltatory conduction: The "jumping" of action potentials between Nodes of Ranvier
- Faster and more energy-efficient than conduction in unmyelinated neurons
History of Drug Use and Discovery
- Morphine: Derived from opium, named after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus
- Main ingredient of opium, commonly used in the past for pain relief and sleep
- Cocaine: Derived from the coca plant, native to South America
- Used by indigenous cultures for its stimulant effect
- Became popular in the 19th century with the development of refining methods
- Used in various products like "Vin Mariani" and early versions of Coca-Cola
- Cannabis: Used for thousands of years across various cultures
- Three primary species: Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis
- Contains various chemical compounds, including THC (psychoactive) and CBD (non-psychoactive)
- Hemp is a cannabis variety containing less than 0.3% THC
Cannabis: Historical Use and Legal Status
- Hemp: Used by early Americans, including George Washington and Thomas Jefferson
- Has been used for various applications, including textiles, rope, and paper
- Legal status has been evolving in recent years, with growing support for legalizing medicinal and recreational use
- Rescheduling of the drug under consideration by the federal government in 2024
Drug Use throughout History
- Ancient Roots: The use of drugs for medicinal, ritualistic, and recreational purposes extends back to the earliest civilizations.
- Evolution of Use: Over time, there's been a tendency to isolate active ingredients in plants for increased potency.
- Societal Influence: Accepted drug use has varied significantly across different cultures and time periods.
Future Study Topics
- Glia cells: Support cells in the nervous system
- Neural communication: How neurons communicate with each other via neurotransmitters
- Ion channels: Proteins that allow ions to pass through the neuron membrane
- Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers released by neurons
- Modern drug development: The process of creating new drugs
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