Neuron Axon Anatomy
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the axon hillock?

  • To transmit action potentials
  • To provide structural support
  • To maintain the axon length
  • To trigger the initiation of action potentials (correct)

    • Which motor protein is responsible for anterograde transport in axons?

  • Dynein
  • Kinesin (correct)
  • Myosin
  • Actin

    • What type of axonal transport is carried out by dynein?

  • Anterograde transport (- → +)
  • Stationary transport
  • Bidirectional transport
  • Retrograde transport (+ → -) (correct)

    • What is the main function of neurofilaments in axons?

    <p>Structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do axons generally branch less profusely than dendrites?

    <p>For faster signal propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between axons and dendrites in terms of length?

    <p>Axons are longer than dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to refer to the plasma membrane of an axon?

    <p>Axolemma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the small dilations at the end of axonal branches called?

    <p>Terminal boutons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the meninges is usually fused but separates to form blood-filled dural venous sinuses in specific areas around the brain?

    <p>Meningeal layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical feature that separates the dura mater from the periosteum of the vertebrae?

    <p>Epidural space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the subarachnoid space play in protecting the central nervous system?

    <p>It cushions and protects from minor trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the meninges is described as 'avascular' due to its lack of nutritive capillaries?

    <p>Arachnoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the subarachnoid space communicate with in the brain?

    <p>Ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the meninges has fewer trabeculae in the spinal cord, leading to easier differentiation from the pia mater in that area?

    <p>Arachnoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the connective tissue component of the arachnoid continuous with below it?

    <p>Pia mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue surrounds the trabeculae within the arachnoid?

    <p>Collagen and fibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the BBB?

    <p>Prevent microorganisms and harmful substances from entering the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the brain does NOT have the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Choroid plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is responsible for having tight junctions in the BBB?

    <p>Capillary endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of substances pass through the BBB via diffusion?

    <p>Lipid-soluble substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure around the brain ventricles allows certain molecules to affect brain function?

    <p>Area postrema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of edema can be caused by breaking endothelial cell tight junctions?

    <p>Vasogenic edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ions have specific transport mechanisms across the BBB?

    <p>$Na^{+}$ and $Cl^{-}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do pericytes play in the BBB?

    <p>Forming tight junctions with endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do hyperosmolar solutions (e.g., mannitol) have on the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Disrupt the blood-brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the choroid plexus mainly found in the brain?

    <p>Third and fourth ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if there is a decrease in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption during fetal development?

    <p>Hydrocephalus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the choroid plexus in relation to water?

    <p>Release water into blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in terms of ions?

    <p>Contains Na+, K+, and Cl- ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CSF in the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Cushions against mechanical shocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are abundant in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can CSF be found in the human nervous system?

    <p>Ventricles, spinal cord canal, subarachnoid spaces, and perivascular spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of collagen is found in the external lamina surrounding each Schwann cell?

    <p>Type IV collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structures that contain Schwann cell cytoplasm and allow for renewal of membrane components in the myelin sheath?

    <p>Schmidt-Lanterman clefts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the contact between interdigitating processes of Schwann cells and the axolemma at the nodal gap?

    <p>Prevents movement of materials in and out of the periaxonal space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stain color is used to highlight collagen in the endoneurium surrounding Schwann cells?

    <p>Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fills the spaces called Schmidt-Lanterman or myelin clefts within the myelin sheath?

    <p>Myelin components and Schwann cell cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is depicted in the lower diagram that shows ultrastructure?

    <p>Node of Ranvier or nodal gap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What barrier function does the basal lamina around Schwann cells provide over the nodal gap?

    <p>Acts as a barrier to material movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

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