Neuron Action Potential Basics

Typically around -70 millivolts

It can generate an action potential, which is a rapid change in electrical potential that travels along the axon.

The action potential travels down the axon in a wave-like fashion through a process of depolarization (where the inside of the neuron becomes more positive) followed by repolarization (returning to a negative charge).

<p>It triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse (the junction between neurons), which then bind to receptors on the dendrites or cell body of the next neuron, either exciting or inhibiting its activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neural pathways are routes along which nerve impulses travel within the nervous system. They consist of interconnected neurons that relay information from sensory receptors to the brain for processing and from the brain to effectors (muscles or glands) for response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurotransmitters released at synapses can either excite or inhibit the activity of the next neuron, which can ultimately affect the function of various organ systems. For example, the release of neurotransmitters can influence the activity of the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems, leading to changes in cardiovascular function, digestion, and other physiological processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in integrating signals between the nervous and endocrine systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormones exert their effects by binding to specific receptors, which triggers cellular responses that regulate various physiological processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main types of hormone receptors are: 1) Cell surface receptors (e.g., G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases), 2) Ion channel receptors (e.g., acetylcholine, GABA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sympathetic nervous system activates the release of hormones like adrenaline and noradrenaline, which increase heart rate, contractility, and blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and GABA, can act on ion channel receptors to influence the activity of various organ systems, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The parasympathetic nervous system, through the release of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, can promote the relaxation and restoration of organ systems, such as the digestive and cardiovascular systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The submucosal (Meissner's) plexus, located in the submucosa layer of the GI tract, controls secretions, blood flow, nutrient absorption, and interaction with immune cells in the mucosa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The key neurotransmitters used by the enteric nervous system are: 1) Acetylcholine (ACh), which stimulates smooth muscle contractions, glandular secretions, and peristalsis; 2) Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine), which reduces intestinal motility and blood flow during stress; 3) Serotonin (5-HT), which regulates gut motility, sensory perception, appetite, and mood; and 4) Nitric Oxide (NO), which relaxes smooth muscles and influences GI motility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The enteric nervous system coordinates the rhythmic contractions of smooth muscles in the GI tract, facilitating the movement of food (peristalsis) and the propulsion of waste materials. This neural control of GI motility is a key function of the enteric nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurons in the enteric nervous system regulate the secretion of digestive enzymes, acids, mucus, and hormones from glands in the gastrointestinal tract. This secretory control supports the digestive process and nutrient absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin (5-HT) acts as a neurotransmitter in the enteric nervous system, playing a role in regulating gut motility, sensory perception, appetite, and mood. Medications targeting the serotonin system are often used to treat gastrointestinal disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers