30 Questions
What is the result of the local depolarization wave continuing to spread?
The permeability of the sarcolemma changes.
What happens to the Na+ channels during repolarization?
They close.
What is the function of the Na+K+ pump?
To restore the resting polarity of the fiber.
What is the state of the fiber during the refractory period?
It cannot be stimulated.
What occurs during local depolarization?
The end plate potential is generated on the sarcolemma.
What is the result of K+ efflux during repolarization?
The resting polarity of the fiber is restored.
At which stage do Na+ channels close and K+ channels open?
During repolarization
What occurs during the latent period?
Events of excitation-contraction coupling
What is the number of polypeptide chains in a hemoglobin molecule?
4
What type of channels are open during the generation of the end plate potential?
Only Na+ channels
What is the sequence of events that leads to muscle contraction?
Transmission of an action potential, generation of the end plate potential, and excitation-contraction coupling
What is the function of the heme group in hemoglobin?
To bind with oxygen
What is the role of ACh in the sequence of events?
To bind to nicotinic receptors on the sarcolemma
What is the name of the process by which blood cells are formed?
Hematopoiesis
Where does hematopoiesis occur in the body?
Red bone marrow of axial skeleton
What is the overall effect of the sequence of events?
Muscle contraction
What is the name of the cells that give rise to all formed elements in the blood?
Hemocytoblasts
What is the space between the axon terminal and the muscle fiber called?
Synaptic cleft
What percentage of CO2 is carried in the blood by carbaminohemoglobin?
20%
What is the role of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the neuromuscular junction?
To open and allow Ca2+ to enter the axon terminal
What is the function of acetylcholinesterase in the neuromuscular junction?
To break down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft
What is the type of channel that allows simultaneous passage of Na+ into the muscle fiber and K+ out of the muscle fiber?
Na+ K+ channel
What is the purpose of the action potential arriving at the axon terminal?
To release acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles
What is the location of the ACh receptors in the neuromuscular junction?
In the junctional folds of the sarcolemma
What is the normal stimulus for the homeostatic response to increase oxygen-carrying ability in the blood?
Hypoxia
What is the role of the kidney in the homeostatic response to hypoxia?
To release erythropoietin
What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?
100-120 days
What happens to the heme part of hemoglobin when it is degraded?
It is converted into bilirubin
What is the final destination of the broken-down bilirubin in the body?
The feces
What is the fate of the globin part of hemoglobin when it is degraded?
It is broken down into amino acids
Learn about the structure and function of the neuromuscular junction, including the role of the axon terminal, synaptic cleft, and ACh receptors. Understand how nerve impulses trigger muscle contraction.
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