59 Questions
Which student learning outcome (SLO) involves discussing the specific sensory, motor, and reflex functions of the C5-T1, and L1-S2, and S2-4 spinal nerves?
SLO 3: Peripheral Nerves
Which SLO focuses on identifying common sites of potential entrapment/compression for each peripheral nerve and discussing their clinical consequences?
SLO 3: Peripheral Nerves
Which SLO requires naming the cranial nerves, identifying the cranial foramen which each nerve traverses, and discussing the structures innervated?
SLO 4: Cranial Nerves
Which SLO involves discussing the general structure and function of ANS, and the specific structure and functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
SLO 5: ANS
Which nerve is responsible for ankle plantar flexion and knee flexion?
Tibial nerve
Which muscle is responsible for ankle dorsiflexion and inversion?
Tibialis posterior
Which nerve innervates the muscles responsible for everting the foot?
Common Fibular nerve
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the webbing of the toes?
Common Fibular nerve
Which muscle is responsible for adducting the hallux (big toe)?
Abductor hallucis
Which nerve innervates the muscles responsible for abducting the pinky toe?
Lateral Plantar nerve
Which nerve innervates the triceps surae (gastrocnemius & soleus) for plantar flexion?
Tibial nerve
Which muscle is responsible for knee flexion?
Biceps femoris
Which dermatome is responsible for sensation in the middle finger?
C8
Which nerve is responsible for motor function to the biceps brachii and sensory to the lateral forearm?
Musculocutaneous nerve
Which spinal nerves are often the target of the Herpes Zoster virus, causing shingles?
Thoracic spinal nerves
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
Sympathetic nervous system
Which nerve is responsible for motor function to the deltoid and sensory over 2/3 of the shoulder?
Axillary nerve
Which part of the brachial plexus is formed by the C5-6 nerve roots?
Superior trunk
Which nerve is responsible for motor function to the triceps and sensory to the posterior forearm and dorsum of the hand?
Radial nerve
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the 'rest and digest' function?
Parasympathetic nervous system
Which nerve is responsible for motor function to the hypothenar muscles and sensory to the ventral and dorsal medial hand?
Ulnar nerve
Which part of the brachial plexus is formed by the C8-T1 nerve roots?
Inferior trunk
Which nerve is responsible for motor function to the flexor carpi radialis and sensory to the anterior lateral hand?
Median nerve
Which part of the brachial plexus bifurcates into an anterior and posterior division?
Divisions
Which type of neurons are included in the Peripheral Nervous System?
Sensory and motor neurons
What is the function of the Somatic Nervous System?
Control muscles and detect environmental changes
Which of the following is a sensory receptor in the Peripheral Nervous System?
Pacinian Corpuscle
Where does nerve transmission enter the spinal cord?
Posteriorly
What is the role of the thalamus in nerve transmission?
Act as a relay station directing information in and out of the brain
What is the general function of dendrites in neuronal anatomy?
Receive signals
What is the function of Schwann cells in nerve regeneration?
Aid in regrowth of nerves
What is the purpose of dermatomes in neurology?
Map the general location of innervation
What is the common cause of radiculopathy?
Compression from disc herniation
Which type of disc herniation is most common?
Compromise one spinal nerve root
How are cervical, thoracic, and lumbar disc issues related to nerve roots?
They affect corresponding nerve roots
What is the primary effect of nerve damage in the Peripheral Nervous System?
Wallerian degeneration
What is the role of Upper Motor Neurons (UMN) in motor activity?
Regulate motor activity to prevent excessive movement
What can the removal of UMN inhibition lead to?
Hyperactivity, related to gamma motor neurons
Where do Lower Motor Neurons (LMN) originate from?
Spinal cord
What do UMN and LMN lesions exhibit?
Distinct signs such as hypertonicity or hypotonicity
What do pathological reflexes indicate?
Loss of cortical inhibition
What is the function of muscle stretch reflex?
Involves muscle spindles sensing excess stretch and stimulating motor neurons
What does reciprocal inhibition prevent during movement?
Antagonistic muscles from fighting each other
What is the role of Golgi tendon reflex?
Protects muscles from excessive load by inducing relaxation
What does the Lumbo-Sacral Plexus innervate?
Specific sensory and motor functions in the lower body
What is detailed by dermatomes and motor functions of nerves from the lumbo-sacral plexus?
Specific sensory and motor innervation patterns
What do direct branches from the sacral plexus innervate?
Deep external hip rotator muscles
What is the primary function of agonists in neurophysiology?
Activate the next neuron or target organ
Where do action potentials begin in a neuron?
Axon hillock
What is the role of antagonists in neurophysiology?
Inhibit the action of neurotransmitters
What is the effect of neuromuscular junction disorders such as Lambert-Eaton Syndrome and Myasthenia Gravis?
Muscle weakness or paralysis
Which type of nerve conduction occurs along a myelinated axon?
Saltatory conduction
What is the extension of the neuromuscular junction?
From the ventral gray horn to its muscle
What is the main requirement for students to pass the midterm related to the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
Identify the major locations and effects
What is the function of peripheral nerves?
Arise from different portions of the body
What do students need to understand about nerve roots and cranial nerves?
The organization of nerve roots
What is the role of myelination in nerve conduction?
Speeds up the conduction speed
What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?
Receive incoming signals from other neurons
What do students need to understand about the spinal nerve exits in relation to its vertebra & disc?
The general regions of each spinal root’s dermatome
Study Notes
Neurological Control of Motor Activity
- Upper Motor Neurons (UMN) regulate motor activity to prevent excessive movement
- Removal of UMN inhibition can lead to hyperactivity, related to gamma motor neurons
- Lower Motor Neurons (LMN) originate from the spinal cord and provide the "gas" to the muscles
- UMN and LMN lesions exhibit distinct signs such as hypertonicity or hypotonicity
- Pathological reflexes indicate loss of cortical inhibition and are seen in conditions like stroke or ALS
- Muscle composition includes extrafusal fibers for force generation and intrafusal fibers for regulatory functions
- Muscle stretch reflex involves muscle spindles sensing excess stretch and stimulating motor neurons
- Reciprocal inhibition prevents antagonistic muscles from fighting each other during movement
- Golgi tendon reflex protects muscles from excessive load by inducing relaxation
- Lumbo-Sacral Plexus innervates specific sensory and motor functions in the lower body
- Dermatomes and motor functions of nerves from the lumbo-sacral plexus are detailed
- Direct branches from the sacral plexus innervate deep external hip rotator muscles
Neurophysiology and Neuromuscular Junctions Review
- Action potentials begin at the axon hillock and travel down the axon
- Saltatory conduction occurs along a myelinated axon
- The release of neurotransmitters at the axon terminal leads to the activation of the next neuron or target organ
- The neuromuscular junction extends from the ventral gray horn to its muscle
- Peripheral nerves can arise from different portions of the body
- Agonists mimic the action of neurotransmitters and can be direct-acting or indirect-acting
- Antagonists block or inhibit the action of neurotransmitters and can be direct-acting or indirect-acting
- Neuromuscular junction disorders, such as Lambert-Eaton Syndrome, Myasthenia Gravis, Botulism, and Curare, lead to muscle weakness or paralysis
- To pass the midterm, students need to identify the major locations and effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
- They should also know the neurotransmitters involved in the pre-/post-ganglionic junctions and the organization of nerve roots or cranial nerves involved
- Students should understand the different components of a neuron found within the PNS and the layers of a nerve from superficial to deep
- They also need to understand the levels of nerve injury and the steps involved in nerve regeneration, as well as the spinal nerve exits in relation to its vertebra & disc and the general regions of each spinal root’s dermatome
Test your knowledge on topics like upper motor neurons, lower motor neurons, muscle composition, reflexes, neuromuscular junctions, neurotransmitters, and nerve injury. This quiz covers neurological control of motor activity, neuromuscular junction functions, and nerve injury levels.
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