Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the Neuromuscular Junction?
What is the Neuromuscular Junction?
- A synapse or connection between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber that leads to muscle contraction. (correct)
- A type of neuron responsible for sensory information.
- A location where muscle fibers are generated.
- The point of communication between two motor neurons.
What are the 3 components of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?
What are the 3 components of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?
- Presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane (correct)
- Muscle fiber, motor neuron, and synaptic vesicle
- Dendrite, axon, and cell body
- Synaptic vesicle, neurotransmitter, and ion channel
Where are high concentrations of calcium stored in the myocyte?
Where are high concentrations of calcium stored in the myocyte?
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum (correct)
- Mitochondria
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
Which of the following statements about the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is true?
Which of the following statements about the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is true?
What is the function of T tubules in muscle contraction?
What is the function of T tubules in muscle contraction?
What is the purpose of the Dihydropyridine (DHPR) and ryanodine receptors?
What is the purpose of the Dihydropyridine (DHPR) and ryanodine receptors?
What type of receptor is a nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor?
What type of receptor is a nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor?
Why are fetal nicotinic receptors also considered extrajunctional receptors?
Why are fetal nicotinic receptors also considered extrajunctional receptors?
When do fetal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors typically disappear?
When do fetal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors typically disappear?
What type of receptors are muscarinic acetylcholine receptors? (select 2)
What type of receptors are muscarinic acetylcholine receptors? (select 2)
Which of the following statements about muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) is true regarding their functions in the body? (select all that apply)
Which of the following statements about muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) is true regarding their functions in the body? (select all that apply)
What is the positive effect of fetal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) reappearing in muscle tissue?
What is the positive effect of fetal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) reappearing in muscle tissue?
How do fetal nicotinic receptors contribute to muscle function after a denervation injury?
How do fetal nicotinic receptors contribute to muscle function after a denervation injury?
Where are pre-junctional acetylcholine receptors located?
Where are pre-junctional acetylcholine receptors located?
What is the role of pre-junctional ACh receptors?
What is the role of pre-junctional ACh receptors?
What is true about post-junctional acetylcholine (ACh) receptors?
What is true about post-junctional acetylcholine (ACh) receptors?
What causes upregulation of extra-junctional receptors?
What causes upregulation of extra-junctional receptors?
What is the mechanism by which fetal acetylcholine receptors (AChR) are more sensitive to acetylcholine (ACh)?
What is the mechanism by which fetal acetylcholine receptors (AChR) are more sensitive to acetylcholine (ACh)?
What metabolic disorder is of concern in the presence of upregulated immature acetylcholine receptors (AChR)?
What metabolic disorder is of concern in the presence of upregulated immature acetylcholine receptors (AChR)?
What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?
What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?
What is the movement of sodium and potassium in the Na-K pump?
What is the movement of sodium and potassium in the Na-K pump?
What is the axolemma?
What is the axolemma?
The influx of calcium through voltage-gated calcium channels cause ___ to fuse to synaptic vesicles.
The influx of calcium through voltage-gated calcium channels cause ___ to fuse to synaptic vesicles.
What does it mean that action potentials are all or none?
What does it mean that action potentials are all or none?
Which type of muscle cells tend to have a longer refractory period in relation to contraction?
Which type of muscle cells tend to have a longer refractory period in relation to contraction?
What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS)?
What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS)?
What are the excitatory responses associated with glutamate? (Select all that apply)
What are the excitatory responses associated with glutamate? (Select all that apply)
Glutamate does not cross the BBB so it must be synthesized in the brain
Glutamate does not cross the BBB so it must be synthesized in the brain
What neurotransmitter can the brain convert glutamate to?
What neurotransmitter can the brain convert glutamate to?
Which of the following statements about glial cells is true?
Which of the following statements about glial cells is true?
What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and lower brainstem?
What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and lower brainstem?
How is glycine formed from serine?
How is glycine formed from serine?
Which of the following serve as co-activators of the NMDA receptor? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following serve as co-activators of the NMDA receptor? (Select all that apply)
Which endogenous substances are associated with opioid-like activity? (select all that apply)
Which endogenous substances are associated with opioid-like activity? (select all that apply)
Where is substance P primarily found in the CNS?
Where is substance P primarily found in the CNS?
What is Substance P associated with? (Select all that apply)
What is Substance P associated with? (Select all that apply)
Unconventional neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles
Unconventional neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles
Unconventional neurotransmitters may carry messages from postsynaptic to presynaptic neurons
Unconventional neurotransmitters may carry messages from postsynaptic to presynaptic neurons
Which of the following are examples of gasotransmitters (gas signaling molecules)?
Which of the following are examples of gasotransmitters (gas signaling molecules)?
Which type of cannabinoid receptor is associated with the "high" effect?
Which type of cannabinoid receptor is associated with the "high" effect?
Which type of cannabinoid receptors are primarily located in the brain?
Which type of cannabinoid receptors are primarily located in the brain?
What type of cannabinoid receptors are involved in immune system function and do not produce a 'high' effect?
What type of cannabinoid receptors are involved in immune system function and do not produce a 'high' effect?
The human body produces _____ which are structurally similar to the molecules in the cannabis plant.
The human body produces _____ which are structurally similar to the molecules in the cannabis plant.
What system is the first and last to develop in utero?
What system is the first and last to develop in utero?
What becomes the ventricular system in the mature brain?
What becomes the ventricular system in the mature brain?
What structure becomes neural tissue in the mature brain?
What structure becomes neural tissue in the mature brain?
What is Meningomyelocele?
What is Meningomyelocele?
What is a meningocele?
What is a meningocele?
What is the most common neuron structure?
What is the most common neuron structure?
Dorsal root ganglion and cranial ganglion are types of what kind of neurons?
Dorsal root ganglion and cranial ganglion are types of what kind of neurons?
Where are bipolar neurons typically found?
Where are bipolar neurons typically found?
Order the collections of neurons from most defined to least defined. (nucleus, loci, substantia)
Order the collections of neurons from most defined to least defined. (nucleus, loci, substantia)
Which statement is true regarding ganglia? (select 2)
Which statement is true regarding ganglia? (select 2)
Neuroeffector junctions are connections between which two structures?
Neuroeffector junctions are connections between which two structures?
What is a group of axons connecting the cerebrum and brain stem called?
What is a group of axons connecting the cerebrum and brain stem called?
A collection of axons connecting one side of the brain to the other is called what?
A collection of axons connecting one side of the brain to the other is called what?
Match the spinal cord horn with the appropriate function
Match the spinal cord horn with the appropriate function
What is the predominant cell type found in the brain, which constitutes about 90% of its cells?
What is the predominant cell type found in the brain, which constitutes about 90% of its cells?
Microglia cells are similar to what type of cells?
Microglia cells are similar to what type of cells?
Which macroglial cells are found in the CNS? (Select all that apply)
Which macroglial cells are found in the CNS? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following macroglial cells are found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Which of the following macroglial cells are found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Which of the following glial cells are responsible for forming the myelin sheaths?
Which of the following glial cells are responsible for forming the myelin sheaths?
What is the function of astrocytes?
What is the function of astrocytes?
Ependymal cells are primarily involved in which of the following functions?
Ependymal cells are primarily involved in which of the following functions?
What is the function of satellite cells? (Select all that apply)
What is the function of satellite cells? (Select all that apply)
Which type of glial cell expresses receptors that allow for chronic pain and HSV?
Which type of glial cell expresses receptors that allow for chronic pain and HSV?
Match the astrocyte subtype with the appropriate matter
Match the astrocyte subtype with the appropriate matter
What is membrane potential?
What is membrane potential?
Which of the following are the four main brain regions?
Which of the following are the four main brain regions?
The hypothalamus, thalamus, and pineal gland are found in which brain region?
The hypothalamus, thalamus, and pineal gland are found in which brain region?
Which brain structure connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord?
Which brain structure connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord?
Which brain region coordinates autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system?
Which brain region coordinates autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system?
What disease is the tegmentum primarily involved in?
What disease is the tegmentum primarily involved in?
Which cerebral cortex lobe contains the motor cortex?
Which cerebral cortex lobe contains the motor cortex?
Which cerebral lobe is involved in sensation and contains the postcentral gyrus?
Which cerebral lobe is involved in sensation and contains the postcentral gyrus?
Broca's area is located in the ___ and involved in ____.
Broca's area is located in the ___ and involved in ____.
Wernicke's area is located in ____ and is involved in _____.
Wernicke's area is located in ____ and is involved in _____.
A patient has difficulty speaking and writing within lines after a brain injury. What type of aphasia is this?
A patient has difficulty speaking and writing within lines after a brain injury. What type of aphasia is this?
A patient speaks in long sentences with no meaning and no awareness of mistakes. What type of aphasia is this?
A patient speaks in long sentences with no meaning and no awareness of mistakes. What type of aphasia is this?
Meningeal layers from superficial to deep= DAP = dura, arachnoid, pia
Meningeal layers from superficial to deep= DAP = dura, arachnoid, pia
Which of the following are functions of the brain's ventricular system? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are functions of the brain's ventricular system? (Select all that apply)
the ventricular system consists of ___ interconnected ventricles with CSF that gets replaced ___ times a day
the ventricular system consists of ___ interconnected ventricles with CSF that gets replaced ___ times a day
CSF is LIT AF
Choroid plexus to Lateral ventricles to Intraventricular foramen to Third ventricle to cerebral Aqueduct to Fourth ventricle
CSF is LIT AF Choroid plexus to Lateral ventricles to Intraventricular foramen to Third ventricle to cerebral Aqueduct to Fourth ventricle
Where is the third ventricle located?
Where is the third ventricle located?
What is the function of the foramen of Monroe?
What is the function of the foramen of Monroe?
After exiting the fourth ventricle, where does the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) move to?
After exiting the fourth ventricle, where does the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) move to?
The intraventricular foramen is also known as the ____
The intraventricular foramen is also known as the ____
Once cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaves the foramen of Luschka or Magendie, where does it move to?
Once cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaves the foramen of Luschka or Magendie, where does it move to?
Once cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaves the subarachnoid space, where does it move to for reabsorption?
Once cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaves the subarachnoid space, where does it move to for reabsorption?
Where is the choroid plexus located?
Where is the choroid plexus located?
What are the boundaries of the spinal cord?
What are the boundaries of the spinal cord?
What does the reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) depend on?
What does the reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) depend on?
CSF is isotonic
CSF is isotonic
Compared to plasma, CSF has less protein, less glucose, and a lower pH
Compared to plasma, CSF has less protein, less glucose, and a lower pH
How is the balance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) maintained?
How is the balance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) maintained?
What is the cauda equina?
What is the cauda equina?
What is unique about the spinal cord in the thoracic region?
What is unique about the spinal cord in the thoracic region?
Spinal cord length < the length of the vertebral column
Spinal cord length < the length of the vertebral column
At what vertebral levels does the spinal cord end in adults and newborns?
At what vertebral levels does the spinal cord end in adults and newborns?
Which meningeal layer directly adheres to the spinal cord?
Which meningeal layer directly adheres to the spinal cord?
How does the spinal cord attach to the dura mater?
How does the spinal cord attach to the dura mater?
Match the vertebrae with its correct region
Match the vertebrae with its correct region
What is unique about the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae?
What is unique about the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae?
What are the two primary curvatures in the spine?
What are the two primary curvatures in the spine?
What are the two secondary curvatures in the spine?
What are the two secondary curvatures in the spine?
Which part of the nervous system are interneurons found in?
Which part of the nervous system are interneurons found in?
What is a nerve?
What is a nerve?
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
What is the longest nerve in the human body?
What is the longest nerve in the human body?
Match the spinal nerve with the correct number
Match the spinal nerve with the correct number
Why are injuries in the CNS more devastating than injuries in the PNS?
Why are injuries in the CNS more devastating than injuries in the PNS?
What are the functions of the enteric nervous system? (Select all that apply)
What are the functions of the enteric nervous system? (Select all that apply)
What is the threshold potential for a neuron?
What is the threshold potential for a neuron?
What is the site of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption?
What is the site of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption?
Where is the blood-brain barrier (BBB) absent? (Select all that apply)
Where is the blood-brain barrier (BBB) absent? (Select all that apply)
As cerebral blood flow increases, which of the following also increases?
As cerebral blood flow increases, which of the following also increases?
Which inhaled anesthetic is the only one that increases cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2)?
Which inhaled anesthetic is the only one that increases cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2)?
How are cerebral blood flow (CBF) and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) related?
How are cerebral blood flow (CBF) and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) related?
Volatile anesthetics uncouple cerebral blood flow (CBF) from cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2), meaning that ____.
Volatile anesthetics uncouple cerebral blood flow (CBF) from cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2), meaning that ____.
What is the range of cerebral autoregulation in terms of cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)?
What is the range of cerebral autoregulation in terms of cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)?
Outside of the limits of cerebral autoregulation, what is cerebral perfusion dependent on?
Outside of the limits of cerebral autoregulation, what is cerebral perfusion dependent on?
How does cerebral blood flow (CBF) respond to changes in arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2)?
How does cerebral blood flow (CBF) respond to changes in arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2)?
Flashcards
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
The synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber, composed of presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
Stores and releases calcium ions needed for muscle contraction.
T Tubules Function
T Tubules Function
Transmit action potentials deep into muscle fibers for synchronized contraction.
Dihydropyridine (DHPR)
Dihydropyridine (DHPR)
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Ryanodine Receptors
Ryanodine Receptors
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Nicotinic ACh receptors
Nicotinic ACh receptors
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Extrajunctional receptors
Extrajunctional receptors
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Fetal Nicotinic Receptor Dynamics
Fetal Nicotinic Receptor Dynamics
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Muscarinic ACh Receptors (mAChRs)
Muscarinic ACh Receptors (mAChRs)
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Pre-junctional ACh receptors
Pre-junctional ACh receptors
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Post-junctional ACh receptors
Post-junctional ACh receptors
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Upregulation of Extra-Junctional Receptors
Upregulation of Extra-Junctional Receptors
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Fetal Acetylcholine Receptors Sensitivity
Fetal Acetylcholine Receptors Sensitivity
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Myasthenia gravis
Myasthenia gravis
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Resting Membrane Potential
Resting Membrane Potential
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Na-K Pump Activity
Na-K Pump Activity
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Axolemma
Axolemma
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Calcium Influx
Calcium Influx
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Action Potential
Action Potential
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Muscle Cell Refractory Period
Muscle Cell Refractory Period
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Primary Excitatory Neurotransmitter (CNS)
Primary Excitatory Neurotransmitter (CNS)
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Study Notes
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
- NMJ is the synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber.
- Composed of three key components: presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane (muscle cell membrane).
Calcium Storage in Myocyte
- High concentrations of calcium are stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of myocytes.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
- The SR stores and releases calcium ions necessary for muscle contraction.
T Tubules Function
- T tubules assist in transmitting the action potential deep into the muscle fiber, ensuring synchronous contraction.
Dihydropyridine (DHPR) and Ryanodine Receptors
- DHPR serves as a voltage sensor, while ryanodine receptors mediate calcium release from the SR during muscle contraction.
Nicotinic Acetylcholine (ACh) Receptors
- Nicotinic ACh receptors are ligand-gated ion channels.
- Fetal nicotinic receptors are termed extrajunctional because they appear outside the NMJ.
Fetal Nicotinic Receptor Dynamics
- Fetal nicotinic receptors typically disappear postnatally.
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors (mAChRs)
- mAChRs are G protein-coupled receptors that mediate various physiological roles, including heart rate regulation and smooth muscle contraction.
Positive Effects of Fetal Nicotinic Receptors
- They can enhance muscle function post-denervation, aiding in recovery.
Pre-Junctional Acetylcholine Receptors
- Located on the presynaptic terminal, with roles in modulating neurotransmitter release.
Post-Junctional ACh Receptors
- They are directly involved in muscle contraction upon binding with ACh from the presynaptic neuron.
Upregulation of Extra-Junctional Receptors
- Typically occurs due to muscle damage or denervation, leading to an increased number of receptors on the muscle fiber surface.
Fetal Acetylcholine Receptors Sensitivity
- Fetal receptors have a higher sensitivity to ACh due to their distinct structural properties.
Metabolic Disorder Related to AChR Upregulation
- Myasthenia gravis is a concern when immature AChRs are upregulated.
Resting Membrane Potential
- The typical resting membrane potential of a neuron is around -70 mV.
Na-K Pump Activity
- The Na-K pump moves sodium (Na+) out of the cell and potassium (K+) into the cell, maintaining cellular excitability.
Axolemma
- The axolemma is the membrane that surrounds the axon of a neuron.
Calcium Influx through Voltage-Gated Channels
- Calcium influx triggers synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane, leading to neurotransmitter release.
Action Potentials
- Action potentials are described as "all or none" responses, meaning they either occur fully or not at all.
Muscle Cell Refractory Period
- Cardiac muscle cells typically have a longer refractory period compared to skeletal muscle cells.
Primary Excitatory Neurotransmitter in CNS
- Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Excitatory Responses to Glutamate
- Excitatory responses include learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity.
Glutamate Synthesis
- Glutamate is synthesized in the brain as it does not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
Glial Cells
- Glial cells are support cells in the nervous system; they outnumber neurons and maintain homeostasis.
Primary Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
- GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, while glycine serves this role in the spinal cord and lower brainstem.
Glycine Formation
- Glycine is synthesized from serine through the action of serine hydroxymethyltransferase.
NMDA Receptor Co-activators
- Co-activators include glycine and D-serine, enhancing NMDA receptor function.
Endogenous Opioid-like Substances
- Endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins are associated with opioid-like activity.
Substance P in CNS
- Substance P is primarily found in various regions of the brain and is associated with pain transmission and inflammatory responses.
Unconventional Neurotransmitters
- They can send retrograde signals from postsynaptic to presynaptic neurons and are not stored in traditional synaptic vesicles.
Gasotransmitters
- Examples include nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
Cannabinoid Receptors
- CB1 receptors are mainly responsible for the "high," while CB2 receptors are linked to immune system functions without psychoactive effects.
Endogenous Cannabinoids
- The body produces endocannabinoids, similar to compounds found in cannabis.
Development in Utero
- The nervous system is the first to develop during fetal life and the last to mature.
Ventricular System
- Comprises interconnected ventricles, with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) being replenished multiple times daily.
CSF Pathway
- CSF flows from the choroid plexus to the lateral ventricles, through the intraventricular foramen to the third ventricle, and down through the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle.
Third Ventricular Location
- Situated centrally between the two halves of the thalamus.
Foramen of Monroe Function
- Connects lateral ventricles to the third ventricle.
Reabsorption of CSF
- Occurs in the superior sagittal sinus after leaving the subarachnoid space.
Choroid Plexus Location
- Found within the ventricles of the brain, where CSF is produced.
Spinal Cord Boundaries
- Extends from the brainstem to the conus medullaris, approximately at L1-L2 in adults.
Unique Features of Thoracic Spinal Cord
- Contains the intermediolateral cell column, playing a role in autonomic functions.
Spinal Cord Length Comparison
- The spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column; it ends at different vertebral levels in adults (L1-L2) and newborns (L3).
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Description
NMJ, NT, action potentials, neurons, glial cells, cerebral hemispheres, and brain A&P
