2024 Physiology MCQ Module 2 Part 1

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

A 72-year-old man presented with frequent fall over the past 8 months. On examination, He has generalized rigidity, bradykinesia, exaggerated gag reflex. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Lewy body dementia

Myasthenia gravis

Parkinson's Disease (correct)

Frontotemporal dementia

Corticobasal degeneration

A patient is unconscious and is noted to have extension of both the upper and lower extremities. This type of posture is most consistent with a lesion at which one of the following levels?

Midbrain

Cerebral hemispheres

Cervical spinal cord

Cerebellum

Medulla (correct)

Which of the following statements with regard to peripheral and central factors that determine the appreciation and intensity of pain is false?

Lesions of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex alter a person's attitude to pain rather than the intensity of pain

Lesions of the thalamus can produce raised thresholds for pain

The Peptides endorphins and enkephalins influence pain transmission

Nerve section leads to permanent loss of pain sensation (correct)

Referred pain is the term given to the painful sensation are felt in a peripheral structure, but which are associated with trauma to the deep viscera.

With regard to the major motor fiber tracts which statement is false?

The rubrospinal tract has a major influence on the axial and girdle musculature. Signup and view all the answers

The following events occur in a parasympathetic neuroeffector junction except ___ ?

Hemicholinium block uptake of choline Signup and view all the answers

A sympathomimetic drugs that only binds and activates beta2 adrenoceptors is ____.

albuterol Signup and view all the answers

A 53-year-old woman presents to the neurology clinic with a six-month history of difficulty getting up from a chair. More recently she has noticed difficulty lifting things. On examination she has a rash over the dorsum of her hands and both eyelids. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Dermatomyositis Signup and view all the answers

With regards to the cochlear hair cell depolarization:

Mechanical shearing forces stimulate the entry of cation Signup and view all the answers

In klumpke's paralysis, all the followings are true EXCEPT:

Its due to injury involved C5 C6 roots. Signup and view all the answers

Which one is the cause of Wilson's disease?

High copper Signup and view all the answers

____ is a term that describes an inability to make a voluntary movement related to object use.

Apraxia Signup and view all the answers

A 50-year-old woman undergoes a neurologic exam that indicates loss of pain and temperature sensitivity, vibratory sense, and proprioception in the left leg. These symptoms could be explained by

a tumor on the right medial lemniscal pathway in the sacral spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

If a patient cannot see the left-most part of his left visual field (but can see in all other areas), he may have a lesion

In the right optic tract Signup and view all the answers

A sympathomimetic drug that only binds and activates alpha adrenoceptors is ___ .

phenylephrine Signup and view all the answers

A 51-year-old man with diabetes develops features of an autonomic neuropathy. Which of the following symptoms does not occur in an autonomic neuropathy?

Stridor Signup and view all the answers

The classic features of Parkinson's disease are:

Rigidity Signup and view all the answers

Antagonistic control of efferent output is typical of the _____ division.

autonomic Signup and view all the answers

An elderly patient has recently developed cognitive impairment, ataxia, myoclonus and behavioural changes. Most likely diagnosis is:-

Lewy body dementia Signup and view all the answers

A 22-year-old woman suffering from bilateral weakness of her lower limbs. Which of the following represent the most likely location of this lesion?

The left genu of internal capsule. Signup and view all the answers

Which statements DO NOT apply to the parasympathetic division of the nervous system?

Epinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division. Signup and view all the answers

Sympathetic drive to the heart is increased in all of the following except

When parasympathetic drive is increased. Signup and view all the answers

Which functions are controlled through the autonomic nervous system? 1. blood pressure; 2. heart rate; 3. water balance; 4. temperature regulation

1, 2, 3 and 4 Signup and view all the answers

Upper quadrant hemianopia is due to lesion in:

Occipital lobe Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements with regard to somatic and visceral pain is false?

The hollow organs of the viscera are insensistive to touch, temperature and cutting. Signup and view all the answers

The correct sequence of events involved in phototransduction in rods and cones in response to light is:

structural changes in rhodopsin, activation of transducin, decrease in intracellular cGMP, closure of cGMP-gated cation channels, and decreased release of glutamate. Signup and view all the answers

In the mechanism of cerebral autoregulation

ADP acts as a weak vasodilator in myogenic control Signup and view all the answers

Both cold and warmth receptors are stimulated in the following temperature range:

30-380C Signup and view all the answers

Nicotine enhances the release of ______ in the brain.

dopamine Signup and view all the answers

A medical student is studying transmission through autonomic ganglia. She studied the effects of two drugs on the activity of a postganglionic neuron. Drug A induced an EPSP in the postganglionic neuron, and drug B blocked the EPSP produced by electrical stimulation of a preganglionic nerve. Drugs A and B might be the following drugs, respectively.

Nicotine and trimethaphan Signup and view all the answers

Agnosias are the inability to recognize objects even when the ability to recognize their components (simple sensory skills) are intact. Damage to which component of the nervous system is likely to cause an agnosia?

posterior parietal cortex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements with regard to the cerebellum is false?

Direct electrical stimulation of the cerebellum can elicit complex sensations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the non motor symptoms seen in patients with idiopathic Parkinson Disease?

Constipation is a prominent symptom in patients with PD, and may predate the motor symptoms for years. Signup and view all the answers

Acetylcholine is the chemical transmitter at the following sites except:

All postganglionic sympathetic endings Signup and view all the answers

Increasing the frequency of stimulation so that a muscle contracts without relaxation is called ____

tetany Signup and view all the answers

Liepmann's patient, MT, __ his damage was to the

Could not mime with the left hand but could make spontaneous movement with the right; left hemisphere and the corpus callosum Signup and view all the answers

All the following are causes of hyperthermia in comatose patients EXCEPT:

Hypothalamic lesion Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

The tympanic membrane

Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Question 1

A 72-year-old man experienced frequent falls
Symptoms included generalized rigidity, bradykinesia, and exaggerated gag reflex
Possible diagnoses included Myasthenia gravis, Frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's Disease, Corticobasal degeneration, and Lewy body dementia

Question 2

Patient was unconscious with extension of both upper and lower extremities
This posture suggests a lesion at the midbrain level

Question 3

Lesions of the frontal lobe affect a person's attitude towards pain, not intensity
Nerve lesions cause permanent pain loss
Thalamus lesions increase pain thresholds
Endorphins and enkephalins influence pain transmission
Referred pain is felt in a peripheral site, associated with deep visceral trauma

Question 4

Majority of pyramidal tract axons do not synapse directly on spinal motoneurons
Vestibulospinal tract controls extensor, not flexor, motor neurons in the lumbar spinal cord
Tectospinal tract neurons control head and body orientation
Complete pyramidal tract section in the medulla causes permanent motor imprecision
Rubrospinal tract significantly affects axial and girdle musculature

Question 5

Hemicholinium block prevents choline uptake
Choline uptake is mediated by Ca2+-dependent carriers
Vesamicol inhibits ACh vesicle storage
ACh is hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
ACh is synthesized in the varicosity

Question 6

Albuterol is a sympathomimetic drug that only activates beta2-adrenoceptors

Question 7

A 53-year-old woman has 6-month history of difficulty rising from a chair and lifting
Also experienced rash on the hands and eyelids
Possible diagnosis is Motor Neurone Disease, Dermatomyositis, Myasthenia gravis, Vitamin B12 deficiency, and Myotonic dystrophy

Question 8

Depolarization of cochlear hair cells involves entry of Na+ ions
Adequate stimulus is sound waves
K+ ions exit during depolarization
Mechanical shearing stimulates cation entry
Cochlear nerve action potentials are generated without synaptic transmission

Question 9

Klumpke's paralysis often follows a fall
Causes paralysis and wasting of hand muscles
Horner syndrome is an associated symptom
Caused by traction on the abducted arm
Associated with C5-C6 root injury

Question 10

Wilson's disease is caused by low copper levels

Question 11

Apraxia is the inability to make voluntary movements related to object use

Question 12

A 50-year-old woman demonstrates loss of pain, temperature, vibratory, and proprioception in her left leg
Possible explanations include peripheral neuropathy, tumor affecting the right posterior paracentral gyrus, tumor on the right lumbar ventrolateral spinal cord, tumor on the left medial lemniscal pathway in the sacral spinal cord, or tumor on the right medial lemniscal pathway in the sacral spinal cord.

Question 13

A patient with loss of vision in the left-most part of their left visual field may have a lesion in the right optic tract, left optic nerve, optic chiasm, right optic nerve, or left optic tract.

Question 14

Phenylephrine is a sympathomimetic drug that activates alpha adrenoceptors.

Question 15

Symptoms not associated with autonomic neuropathy in a diabetic patient include Stridor

Question 16

Classic features of Parkinson's disease include Chorea, Akinesia, Tremor at rest, and Rigidity

Question 17

Antagonistic control of efferent output is typical of the autonomic division

Question 18

Cognitive impairment, ataxia, myoclonus, and behavioral changes suggest Lewy body dementia, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, Alzheimer's disease, or Huntington's disease.

Question 19

Bilateral lower limb weakness in a 22-year-old woman points to a lesion in the left genu of the internal capsule, a lesion caudal to the pyramidal decussation, a lesion rostral to the pyramidal decussation, the right posterior limb of the internal capsule, or the right genu of the internal capsule

Question 20

The parasympathetic division of the nervous system is dominant in resting and digesting. Ganglia are near target organs and Epinephrine (not a key neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic pathway)

Question 21

Sympathetic drive to the heart increases in excitement, exercise, and hypotension, but not during a vasovagal attack or when parasympathetic drive increases

Question 22

Autonomic nervous system functions include blood pressure, heart rate, water balance, and temperature regulation.

Question 23

Upper quadrant hemianopia is due to a lesion in the occipital lobe

Question 24

Intense stimulation of any peripheral nerve fiber does not always result in pain
A Brown-Sequard syndrome leads to contralateral pain/thermal loss, ipsilateral loss of pain/thermal; below the lesion
Visceral pain is poorly localized and often radiates
Visceral hollow organs are not sensitive to touch and temperature

Question 25

Phototransduction in rods and cones involves activation of transducin, structural changes in rhodopsin, closure of cGMP-gated cation channels, decreased intracellular cGMP, and decreased glutamate release

Question 26

Cerebral autoregulation maintains blood flow at 50 mL/min/100 g of brain. Neural activity doesn't lead to ATP formation. ADP is a weak vasodilator, and increased metabolism is associated with increased oxygen consumption and decreased carbon dioxide.

Question 27

Both cold and warmth receptors are stimulated in the temperature range of 30–38°C

Question 28

Mean arterial pressure is shown by curve
Partial pressure of oxygen is shown in curve
Passive collapse at phase
Normal autoregulation at phase
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide is shown in curve A.

Question 29

Glutamate and glycine, Nicotine and trimethaphan, Acetylcholine and phenylephrine, Strychnine and atenolol, or Nicotine and atropine

Question 30

Agnosias involve damage to the posterior parietal cortex, sensory neurons, ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, or posterior parietal cortex

Question 31

The synaptic contacts of Purkinje cell axons are all inhibitory. Cerebellar projection of proprioceptors & exteroceptive impulses from limbs are ipsilateral. Direct electrical cerebellar cortex stimulation cannot cause discrete muscle contractions. Purkinje cells have efferent axons leaving the cerebellar cortex.

Question 32

Urinary frequency, urgency, and nocturia in Parkinson's Disease patients with prostatic hypertrophy is a problem, not directly attributable to Parkinson's itself
Shoulder pain in Parkinson's patients warrants orthopedic evaluation
REM sleep behavior disorder in patients with parkinsonism may indicate Lewy body dementia, not idiopathic Parkinson's
Constipation is a frequent early symptom in PD; it may precede motor symptoms

Question 33

Acetylcholine is not the chemical transmitter at all postganglionic sympathetic endings
Atropine blocks acetylcholine

Question 34

Tetany is increasing the frequency of stimulation to cause muscle contraction without relaxation

Question 35

Liepmann's patient MT's damage involved the left hemisphere and corpus callosum; their inability to make spontaneous hand movements with either hand, and couldn't follow commands to use objects; Left hemisphere and the corpus callosum. Their inability to mimic actions with the left hand but making spontaneous actions with the right hand revealed involvement of the left hemisphere and corpus callosum. Inability to recognize visual objects revealed involvement of the right hemisphere.

Question 36

Heat stroke, hypothalamic lesion, sedative drug intoxication, pontine hemorrhage, and status epilepticus

Question 37

The Tympanic membrane does not modify sound frequencies
It bulges outwards when the Eustachian tube is blocked.
It stops vibrating almost immediately after the sound ends
Its effectiveness is increased when the middle ear muscles contract

Question 38

Mean arterial pressure is demonstrated by curve C
Partial pressure of oxygen is illustrated by curve B
A phase D corresponds to normal autoregulation
Phase represents the loss of normal autoregulation
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide is represented by curve A

Question 39

The amygdala is not an autonomic control center

Question 40

A fibres are less susceptible to hypoxia than B fibres
A fibres are more sensitive to pressure than C fibers
Motor nerves are affected more by sleep than sensory fibers
Sensory nerves are closer to bone and less affected by pressure
C fibers are more sensitive to pressure than A fibres

Question 41

Cerebrospinal fluid contains less K+ and glucose than plasma

Question 42

The lesion in internuclear ophthalmoplegia is in the right medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)

Question 43

Glutamate is synthesized in glia, stored in vesicles, released into the synaptic cleft by Ca2+ influx, acts on ion channels, and inactivated by reuptake
Serotonin is synthesized from tryptophan, stored in vesicles, released into the synaptic cleft, acts on GPCRs (G protein-coupled receptors), and inactivated by reuptake
Norepinephrine is synthesized from phenylalanine; stored in vesicles, released by depolarization, binds to ion channels or GPCRs, and inactivated by reuptake.
Acetylcholine is synthesized from acetyl coenzyme A and choline; stored in vesicles; released by depolarization; acts on ion channels; and inactivated by enzymatic degradation

Question 44

Locus coeruleus neurons release norepinephrine in the spinal dorsal horn
Periaqueductal gray releases endorphins into the dorsal horn
Locus coeruleus neurons release serotonin in the nucleus raphe magnus.
Periaqueductal gray releases dynorphin into the rostral ventromedial medulla
Nucleus raphe magnus releases serotonin in the dorsal root ganglion

Question 45

Recruitment and activation of motor units is assessed through electromyography, clinical examination of tendon jerks, nerve action potential recordings

Question 46

The posterior parietal cortex is involved in initiating saccadic eye movements

Question 47

Preganglionic neurons have cell bodies in the ganglia

Question 48

Recruitment and activation of motor units are assessed through electromyography, clinical examination of tendon jerks, nerve action potential recordings

Question 49

Dopamine is low in Parkinson's Disease

Question 50

A PET scan of a patient with missing hand (phantom limb pain) might show expansion of the right hand area of the left primary somatosensory cortex, projection of fibers from neighboring sensory areas into the right-hand area of the left primary somatosensory cortex, or expansion of the right hand area in the right primary somatosensory cortex.

Question 51

Four diseases associated with basal ganglia damage include Hemiballismus, Chorea, Parkinsonism, and Athetosis

Question 52

Apathy, lack of motivation, poor judgment, and improper social behavior suggest frontal lobe dysfunction

Question 53

Alzheimer's disease post-mortem studies show shrinkage of frontal and temporal gyri.

Question 54

Ideomotor apraxia is the inability to perform movements involving planning and error commission

Question 55

Decreasing cerebral blood flow (CBF) below 20 mL/100 g/min results in cell membrane ion pump failure, leading to loss of transmembrane electrochemical gradients

Question 56

Brown-sequard syndrome is commonly caused by traumatic injury, has a good prognosis, involves ipsilateral motor deficits, and contralateral loss of pain and temperature.

Question 57

Visceral pain is poorly localized, radiates to a distant somatic area, often accompanied by sweating, and relayed to the cortex via the spinothalamic tract.

Question 58

Current neuroimaging research about Gilles de la Tourette syndrome suggests dysfunction of the connection between basal ganglia and the ORB, dysfunctional connections within the basal ganglia, and/or dopamine abnormalities.

Question 59

Increased intracranial pressure compliance at D shows higher compliance. Minimum compliance at B. Increased risk of cerebral edema/herniation at C. Collapse of cerebral microvasculature at A

Question 60

Deep brain stimulation targets the thalamus to treat essential tremor

Question 61

Exaggerated gag reflex, dysphagia, brisk jaw jerk, and spastic tongue are seen in pseudobulbar palsy.

Question 62

Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease are examples of dopaminergic disorders

Question 63

Inappropriate use of objects is called Ideational apraxia

Question 64

Frontotemporal dementia is characterized by frontal lobe symptoms and possesses a specific histology

Question 65

A ventrolateral cordotomy relieves pain by interrupting the right ventrolateral spinothalamic tract

Question 66

Uptake of dopamine into vesicles is blocked by reserpine

Question 67

L-Dopa increases dopamine availability, Prozac increases serotonin availability

Question 68

Seizers are not secondary brain injuries

Question 69

Facial expression or muscle weakness are not true lesions of the extrapyramidal tract

Question 70

Incorrect association between receptor and stimulus includes Pacinian corpuscle and pressure, muscle spindle and tapping of the patellar tendon, receptor cells of the utricle and linear acceleration of the head, receptor cells of the auditory system and basilar membrane movement, and rod photoreceptors and red light.

Question 71

Neuroleptic drugs that block dopamine D2 receptors, do not increase coprolalia in Tourette's syndrome, may reduce depression, reduce coprolalia in Tourette's syndrome, or increase anxiety

Question 72

Neuronal inhibition at some CNS sites may not be directly associated with the release of the neurotransmitter glycine, GABA, or nonspecific increases in postsynaptic neuron conductance

Question 73

The neuropathologic feature prominent in Parkinson's disease is the loss of cholinergic pathway in the neostriatum and globus pallidus

Question 74

Basal ganglia function includes control of movement, planning and programming of movements, cognition, and initiating movement

Question 75

Receptors 1 is an innocuous warm receptor, receptor 2 is a thermal nociceptor, receptor 3 is an innocuous cold receptor

Question 76

Most of the inhibitory synapses are found on the dendrites

Question 77

The hypothalamus, pons, and medulla are involved in autonomic nervous system control

Question 78

A patient with increased sensitivity to light and nausea after consuming foods high in tyramine while taking a MAOI inhibitor is likely experiencing a hypertensive crisis

Question 79

The Meissner corpuscle responds to skin stretch stimuli
Ruffini corpuscles detect sustained pressure.
Merkel cells respond to slow vibration, Pacinian corpuscles respond to rapid vibration, and naked nerve endings are associated with touch.

Question 80

Extra-hypothalamic parasympathetic outflow control sites include the central nucleus of the amygdala, parabrachial nucleus, dorsal sensory nucleus of the vagus, the nucleus ambiguus, and the raphe nuclei

Question 81

The greatest corticospinal tract deficit occurs in the hand

Question 82

Parkinson's disease onset usually occurs between the ages of 70-85 years

Question 83

A 28-year old female patient with retinal detachment experiences pain when exposed to a temperature of 40°C. This suggests thermal nociceptors and allodynia, as the sensation should not be painful.

Question 84

The most pronounced feature of Huntington's disease is involuntary choreiform movements and dementia.

Question 85

Thalamic surgery leads to reduced tremor and rigidity

Question 86

Damage to the oculomotor nerve can lead to incomplete pupillary light reflex in the same eye, not the other eye
Contraction of the sphincter muscle of the iris is noradrenergic
Pupil dilation happens simultaneously to near (accommodation/convergence) fixation, not when the pupils are dilated
The pupil light reflex afferent pathway is from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus.

Question 87

Types of cerebral edema include cellular (injury to glial, neuronal, and endothelial cells), osmotic (cells withdraw water form plasma causing edema), cytotoxic (lack of homeostasis mechanisms and intracellular edema, commonly in strokes). and vasogenic (BBB disruption causing interstitial flow).

Question 88

Colorblindness is more common in men than women due to a recessive gene on the X chromosome

Question 89

The most crucial hypothalamic nucleus in the central autonomic network is the paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

Question 90

High ratio of photoreceptors to ganglion cells in the fovea, and abundance of blood vessels promote acuity because of the high metabolic demands of the specialized area.

Question 91

Facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve are pain insensitive

Question 92

False statement about CSF circulation is the arachnoid granulations are in contact with the endothelial cells of the venous sinuses, not the cells of the choroid plexus

Question 93

The medial lemniscus carries touch and proprioceptive information

Question 94

Lesion in the left superior temporal gyrus causes difficulty with speech, but patient understands speech. It is not left inferior temporal or superior.

Question 95

False statement is that cerebellar lesions cannot affect speech

Question 96

Chronic administration of antacids, H2 receptor antagonists, and proton pump inhibitors does not increase gastrin levels.

Question 97

The inner nuclear layer of the retina is comprised of bipolar cells, horizontal cells and amacrine cells

Question 98

Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder; not necessarily identifiable after 50 years, treatable, or non-inherited

Question 99

Propagation of neuronal action potentials is facilitated by gap junctions; tight junctions form the BBB & selective permeability of the brain's capillaries is affected; Selective permeability of the brain capillaries is lost with gap junction disruption

Question 100

Sensory coding attributes include modality, location, intensity, duration

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.