Neurological System Overview

Cerebral palsy and traumatic brain injury result in poorly coordinated movement due to improper instructions or interpretation of feedback by the brain.
Spinal cord injury or deformity interrupts the pathways between the brain and muscles, leading to muscle paralysis and loss of sensation beyond the affected area.
Individuals with these conditions may experience motor skill deficits ranging from mild coordination issues to complete body paralysis.
The most severely affected children rely on others or specialized equipment for daily tasks.
Cerebral palsy can be accompanied by learning disabilities, mental retardation, seizures, speech impairments, eating difficulties, sensory impairments, and musculoskeletal deformities.
Approximately 40% of individuals with cerebral palsy have normal intelligence.

Characterized by abnormal brain cell function, leading to seizures.
Seizures can range from momentary loss of attention (petit mal seizures) to uncontrollable movements and falling.
Most individuals with epilepsy have normal intelligence.
Epilepsy affects 1 to 2 percent of the population.
Epilepsy is generally manageable with medication.

Spinal cord damage results in paralysis and loss of sensation in the affected body parts.
Spinal bifida is a birth defect affecting the spinal column, occurring within the first 26 days of pregnancy.
The cause is unknown.

Includes muscles and their supporting structures (skeleton).
Common problems include progressive muscle weakness (muscular dystrophy), joint inflammation (arthritis), and limb loss (amputation).

Inherited condition primarily affecting males.
Muscle weakness and deterioration typically begin around ages 3-4 and worsen over time.
Most individuals lose the ability to walk by age 11.
Death usually occurs between ages 25 and 35 due to respiratory failure or cardiac arrest.

Genetic disorder resulting in poorly developed muscles and spinal curvature.
Individuals may have long, thin limbs, prominent shoulder blades, flat feet, long fingers and thumbs, and heart and blood vessel complications.
The most significant risk is aorta damage, leading to heart failure.
Individuals with Marfan syndrome should avoid strenuous exercise and heavy lifting.

Genetic disorder affecting 1 in 10,000 births.
Individuals typically have a normal torso, straight upper back, and curved lower back.
Risk of sudden death during sleep due to spinal cord compression affecting breathing.
Back braces or surgery can alleviate some disability.

Viral disease infecting the brain and causing severe paralysis.
Mild forms result in partial paralysis.
Post-polio syndrome weakens previously damaged muscles and can affect other muscles not previously affected.

Major orthopedic problem affecting approximately 9,000 infants annually.
Describes various ankle and foot deformities, including inward twisting (equino varus), sharp heel angle (calcanel varus), and inward foot turn.
Most cases are treated with physical therapy and casting.
Surgery may be required in more severe cases.
Early treatment allows most children to wear regular shoes and participate in school activities.

Heart disease: Common among young individuals, caused by improper blood circulation. Some heart conditions are present at birth, while others are inflammatory.
Cystic fibrosis: Hereditary disease affecting the lungs and pancreas, leading to respiratory and digestive issues.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS): Severe disease caused by HIV infection transmitted through bodily fluid exchange.
Haemophilia: Hereditary disease characterized by slow or absent blood clotting.
Asthma: Chronic respiratory condition with recurrent breathing difficulties, especially during exhalation.
Diabetes: Developmental or hereditary disorder involving inadequate insulin secretion or use.

All individuals have the right to learn and live together.
Inclusive education is a fundamental human right.
Inclusive education promotes social inclusion, respect and understanding.
Inclusive education benefits both individuals and society.
It is more cost-effective to integrate students with disabilities into regular classrooms.
Inclusive education reduces learning repetition, dropouts, and reliance on special schools.
Inclusion promotes sustainable development, mutual understanding, empathy, tolerance, and cooperation.

Communities: Pre-colonial and indigenous education approaches and community-based programs promoting inclusion.
Activists and advocates: Voices of learners often excluded from education, including disabled activists, parents, child rights advocates, and those advocating for women/girls and minorities.
Quality education and school improvement movement: The need for quality, access, and inclusion in education systems and schools.
Special educational needs movement: The 'Salamanca Statement' advocating for schools to embrace diversity.
International agencies: The UN influences inclusive education policy and practice, and agencies like UNESCO promote inclusivity.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and campaigns: Civil society initiatives work to bridge policy and practice.
Other factors: Current global situations and experiences within education.