Neurological Disorders Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary abnormality associated with the amyloidogenic pathway in Alzheimer's disease?

  • Decreased aggregation of amyloid beta
  • Increased production of amyloid beta Aβ42 (correct)
  • Increased production of tau protein
  • Decreased production of amyloid beta

    • What is brain atrophy primarily associated with in Alzheimer's disease?

  • Increase in fluid-filled spaces in the brain
  • Loss of neurons and connections between them (correct)
  • Overproduction of dopaminergic neurons
  • Reduction of amyloid beta levels

    • Which region of the brain is NOT mentioned as being affected by Alzheimer’s disease?

  • Substantia nigra (correct)
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Ventricles
  • Hippocampus

    • What is one of the primary symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

    <p>Tremors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease?

    <p>They degenerate and die</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do tau proteins play in neurons?

    <p>They stabilize microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the amyloid beta Aβ42 compared to Aβ40 in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Aβ42 is longer and more hydrophobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential consequence of tau protein mutations in neurons?

    <p>Disrupted microtubule stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is least commonly associated with glaucoma?

    <p>Shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glaucoma is characterized by an open drainage angle but blocked trabecular meshwork?

    <p>Open-angle glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for developing glaucoma?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glaucoma can occur even when the eye pressure is within normal limits?

    <p>Normal tension glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increased eye pressure in glaucoma have on the optic nerve?

    <p>It damages the optic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the RNFL thickness map represent?

    <p>The thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates thin RNFL due to nerve fiber loss on the RNFL thickness map?

    <p>Red areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with Alzheimer's disease, what is primarily measured in the retinal analysis?

    <p>Retinal ganglion cell loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of amyloid-targeting antibodies like aducanumab?

    <p>To bind and neutralize harmful proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which quadrants are noted for significant RNFL thinning in the patient case example?

    <p>Superior temporal and inferior nasal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method used in biomarker-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases?

    <p>Infusion of antibodies to target biomarkers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do antibodies have when they bind to harmful proteins?

    <p>They tag the proteins for destruction by the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the RNFL thickness graph?

    <p>It shows RNFL thickness across different retinal sectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of aqueous humor in the eye?

    <p>Provides nutrients and removes metabolic waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about vitreous humor?

    <p>It maintains the eye’s shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the conjunctiva play in eye health?

    <p>It keeps the eye moist and protects it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye is responsible for producing aqueous humor?

    <p>Ciliary body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the drainage of aqueous humor?

    <p>It drains through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm’s canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the eye is primarily responsible for lubrication and nourishment?

    <p>Tear fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of damage to the optic nerve in glaucoma?

    <p>Irreversible vision loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fluid fills the anterior chamber of the eye?

    <p>Aqueous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of inhibitory interneurons in the modulation of pain signals?

    <p>They inhibit the activity of pain-specific neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contribute to the effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation?

    <p>By buffering the stimulation and distributing impulses more evenly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a decreased retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness indicate?

    <p>Loss of ganglion cells and their axons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging technique is primarily used to measure RNFL thickness?

    <p>Optical coherence tomography (OCT).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the cup-to-disc ratio calculated?

    <p>By dividing the diameter of the cup by the diameter of the disc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition could cause increased thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer?

    <p>Retinal vein occlusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measurement indicates an abnormal cup-to-disc ratio suggesting potential optic nerve damage?

    <p>A ratio greater than 1.0.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about a healthy RNFL thickness measurement?

    <p>It is typically uniform across all quadrants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Alzheimer's Disease

    • Abnormal amyloid beta production, especially Aβ42, is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease.
    • Aβ42 is longer, more hydrophobic, and prone to aggregation than Aβ40, contributing to plaque formation.
    • Aβ42 is produced by γ secretase cutting the APP at the wrong point.
    • Brain atrophy, particularly in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and ventricles, is a consequence of Alzheimer's disease.

    Tau Protein

    • Tau proteins bind to microtubules, stabilizing them and maintaining cell shape.
    • Hyperphosphorylation of tau at T181 and T231 can disrupt its function, leading to tau tangles.

    Parkinson's Disease

    • Parkinson's disease primarily affects motor function, characterized by tremors, rigidity, and slow movement.
    • Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, the part of the brain responsible for releasing dopamine, contributes to movement initiation difficulties.
    • Lewy bodies are inclusions in dopaminergic neurons that contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.

    Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNFL)

    • RNFL thickness is typically measured using optical coherence tomography (OCT).
    • RNFL thinning indicates loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons, a common finding in glaucoma.

    Glaucoma

    • Glaucoma is a group of diseases characterized by optic nerve damage, leading to irreversible vision loss.
    • Open-angle glaucoma is the most common type, where the drainage angle remains open but the trabecular meshwork becomes less efficient, leading to increased intraocular pressure.
    • Angle-closure glaucoma occurs when the iris bulges partially blocking the drainage angle.
    • Normal tension glaucoma involves optic nerve damage despite normal eye pressure, suggesting heightened optic nerve sensitivity.

    Biomarker-Based Therapies

    • Antibodies targeting biomarkers like amyloid-beta are used to neutralize harmful proteins and facilitate their clearance by the immune system.
    • Aducanumab is an amyloid-targeting antibody for Alzheimer's disease, aimed at slowing disease progression but not reversing existing symptoms.

    Eye Fluids

    • Aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary body, fills the anterior chamber, and drains through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal.
    • Vitreous humor fills the vitreous cavity, maintaining the eye's shape and optical clarity.
    • Tear fluid, produced by the lacrimal glands, lubricates, protects, nourishes, and clears the eye.

    RNFL Measurement

    • RNFL thickness values within the normal limits indicate a healthy retinal nerve fiber layer.
    • Increased thickness may suggest conditions like retinal vein occlusion or inflammation.
    • Decreased thickness indicates loss of ganglion cells and their axons, as observed in glaucoma.

    Cup-to-Disc Ratio

    • The cup-to-disc ratio is calculated by dividing the diameter of the optic nerve cup by the diameter of the disc.
    • An increased cup-to-disc ratio suggests increased cupping of the optic disc, which may be indicative of optic nerve damage.

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    BBS3015 Neurosciences and Control Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key aspects of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, including the role of amyloid beta, tau proteins, and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Explore the mechanisms behind these neurological disorders and their impact on brain function. Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts related to these diseases.

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